Historical Capitals of the World

Coro

Country: Venezuela

Region: South America

Period: 1777-present

Coro, founded in 1527 on Venezuela's Caribbean coast, is one of the oldest colonial cities in South America. It served as a key Spanish settlement, bl...

Istanbul

Country: Turkey

Region: Europe

Period: 330-1923

Constantinople, now Istanbul, was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most important cities in world history. Founded by Emperor Consta...

Xi'an

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: ~1046BCE, 618-907CE

Chang’an, near modern-day Xi’an, was one of ancient China’s greatest capitals, serving as the political and cultural heart during the Zhou (as a regio...

Mexico City

Country: Mexico

Region: North America

Period: 1325-present

Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, was founded in 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco (modern-day Mexico City). Ingeniously built with canal...

Omsk

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1918-1920

Omsk, located in southwestern Siberia, became the administrative center of the anti-Bolshevik White Movement during the Russian Civil War (1918–1920)....

Donwun

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 14th c.

Donwun, located in present-day Mon State, Myanmar, was an early capital of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Nestled near the Bilin River, it served as a strat...

Chambéry

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1295-1563

Chambéry, located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France, is a charming town nestled in the Alpine foothills. Known for its historical a...

Gjirokastër

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 1417, 1914

Gjirokastër, located in southern Albania, served as the capital of the Zenebishi family’s domain in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Set on a s...

Surakarta

Country: Indonesia

Region: Asia

Period: 1680-1755CE

Surakarta is a cultural and historical city in Central Java, Indonesia. It was the capital of the Surakarta Sunanate from 1680 to 1755 and is known fo...

Kyoto

Country: Japan

Region: Asia

Period: 794-1868

Heian-kyō, established in 794 CE, was the imperial capital of Japan for over a thousand years. Located in present-day Kyoto, it was designed following...

Santiago de Compostela

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-11thCE

Santiago de Compostela, in northwestern Spain, rose to prominence as the capital of the medieval Kingdom of Galicia. Revered as the burial site of Sai...

Aachen

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 794-late 9thCE

Aachen, in western Germany, is famous for its hot springs, medieval charm, and role as Charlemagne’s capital. It blends Roman, Carolingian, and Gothic...

Aarau

Country: Switzerland

Region: Europe

Period: 1798

Aarau, the capital of Aargau Canton, is a picturesque Swiss town along the Aare River, known for its medieval Old Town, colorful painted gables (Dachh...

Abergwyngregyn

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Abergwyngregyn, a small village in North Wales, lies at the foot of the Carneddau mountains and is known for its stunning natural beauty. Historically...

Abernethy

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-9th c.CE

Abernethy, a historic village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, is known for its rich heritage and scenic beauty. Once a key religious center, it featur...

Abidjan

Country: Ivory Coast

Region: Africa

Period: 1933-1983

Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire’s economic capital, lies along the Ébrié Lagoon on the Atlantic coast. A vibrant metropolis, it's known for its towering skylin...

Kef Lakhdar

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 936-1014

Achir, under the Zirid dynasty, was a fortified city located in the mountainous region of Algeria. Founded in the 10th century, it served as a key pol...

Acre (Akko)

Country: Israel

Region: Middle East

Period: 1191-1291

Acre was a prominent coastal city in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, serving as a key Crusader stronghold from 1104 until its fall in 1291. The city, strate...

Aden

Country: Yemen

Region: Africa

Period: 1967-1990

Aden is a historic port city located in the southern part of Yemen, overlooking the Arabian Sea. Once a key maritime hub, it has served as a strategic...

Dumat al-Jandal

Country: Saudi Arabia

Region: Middle East

Period: ~5th-7th c.CE

Adumattu was a tribal confederation located in the northern Arabian Peninsula, particularly in areas bordering modern-day Jordan and southern Syria. I...

Agra

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1526-1648

Agra was one of the most important cities of the Mughal Empire, serving as its capital under rulers like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. Located on t...

Ramnagar (Ruins)

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~1100BCE-340BCE

Ahichatra was the ancient capital of Northern Panchala, a prominent kingdom in the Vedic and post-Vedic periods of Indian history. Located in present-...

Vergina

Country: Greece

Region: All Regions

Period: Historical

Aigai was the first capital of the ancient Kingdom of Macedon, located near modern-day Vergina in northern Greece. It served as the political and cere...

Pamplona

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-16th c.CE

Pamplona, located in northern Spain, was the capital of the Kingdom of Navarre, a medieval Christian kingdom that once spanned parts of modern-day Spa...

Amarna (Ruins)

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 1346-1332BCE

"Akhetaten, meaning ""Horizon of the Aten,"" was the capital city founded by Pharaoh Akhenaten in the 14th century BCE during the 18th Dynasty. Locate...

Bayda

Country: Libya

Region: Africa

Period: 1951-1969

Al Bayda is a city in eastern Libya, situated in the Green Mountains (Jebel Akhdar) region. During the mid-20th century, it rose to prominence as a ke...

Old Cairo

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 641-969CE

Al-Askar was a military and administrative city established in 750 CE near modern Cairo, Egypt. It became the capital of Egypt during the early Abbasi...

Mansouria

Country: Tunisia

Region: Africa

Period: 946-973CE

Al-Mansuriyya was a city founded in the 11th century by the Zirid dynasty, a Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled over Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia and pa...

Islamic Cairo (now part of Cairo)

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 973-(later ~iro)

Al-Qata’i was a short-lived but historically significant city founded in the 9th century by the Abbasid governor Ahmad ibn Tulun, who established it a...

Alexandria

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 332BCE-641CE

Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE and became the capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which ruled Egypt after Alexander's death. T...

Bagram

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 180BCE-10CE

Alexandria in the Caucasus, founded by the Greco-Bactrian King Euthydemus I in the 3rd century BCE, was located near modern-day Dagestan in the northe...

Almaty

Country: Kazakhstan

Region: Asia

Period: 1929-1997

Alma-Ata, now known as Almaty, was the capital of the Kazakh SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic) from 1929 to 1991. Located in the southeastern part of Ka...

Almería

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 1012-1091

Almería, located in southern Spain, is known for its rich history and stunning landscapes. The Alcazaba of Almería, a Moorish fortress, dominates the ...

Hanoi

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 1010-1802, 1945-present

Đại La was an ancient city in northern Vietnam, located near the Red River, and served as the capital of the early Annamese state. It was strategicall...

Amarapura

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1783-1821, 1842-1859

Amarapura was the royal capital of Burma (now Myanmar) under the Konbaung dynasty, established in 1783 by King Bodawpaya. Located near modern Mandalay...

Amol

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 3rd-14th c.CE

Amol, located in northern Iran near the Caspian Sea, was a prominent city during the early Islamic period. Under the Alavids (9th–10th centuries), it ...

Salona

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 476-480CE, 1205-1410

Amphissia was an ancient city in the region of Locris, in central Greece, situated near the Gulf of Corinth. It was an important city within the Kingd...

Anbar

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 752-762CE

Anbar was an important city during the Abbasid Caliphate, located in present-day Iraq along the Euphrates River. It served as a strategic military and...

Ancona

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1100-1210CE

A key Adriatic port, Ancona was an important maritime republic and later part of the Papal States. It played a vital role in trade with the Eastern Me...

Andravida

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Andravida, located in the region of Western Greece, is a small town with deep historical roots. Situated near the coast of the Ionian Sea, it offers a...

Aného

Country: Togo

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 1880-1920

Aného, located in modern-day Togo, was once the capital of Togoland, a German protectorate from 1884 to 1914. Situated along the Gulf of Guinea, Aného...

Angers

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 400-1200CE

Angers, located in western France, is known for its medieval history and impressive architecture. The Château d'Angers, home to the famous Apocalypse ...

Tal-i Malyan (Ruins)

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 3200-539BCE

Anshan was a major city in the ancient region of Elam, located in southwestern Iran, near modern-day Shiraz. It emerged as a key center during the Pro...

Antigua

Country: Guatemala

Region: North America

Period: 1549-1776CE

Antigua was the colonial capital of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, founded in the early 16th century by the Spanish. Nestled in a valley surround...

Antakya

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 300BCE-7th c.CE

Antioch, founded around 300 BCE by Seleucus I Nicator, was a major city of the Seleucid Empire, located near the Orontes River in modern-day Turkey. I...

Bar

Country: Montenegro

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 11th-15th c.

Antivari, now known as Bar, is a historic coastal town in Montenegro. Once an important port and trading hub in the medieval Kingdom of Duklja, it lat...

Anuradhapura

Country: Sri Lanka

Region: Asia

Period: 437BCE-1017CE

Anuradhapura was the first capital of ancient Sri Lanka (then known as Lanka), established around the 4th century BCE. It served as the political and ...

Ephesus

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 129BCE-~ 3rd c.CE

Apasa, identified with later Ephesus in western Anatolia, was a major city in the Bronze Age Arzawa federation and later part of the Kingdom of Caria....

Argos

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 500BCE

Argos, located in the northeastern Peloponnese, was one of the oldest cities in ancient Greece and the chief city of the Kingdom of Argolis. It thrive...

Arles

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 5th c.CE, 9th c.CE

Arles, in southern France, is renowned for its Roman heritage, including the well-preserved Arles Amphitheatre. The city inspired Vincent van Gogh and...

Aleppo

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 1800 BCE-1003CE

Armi was a significant city-state in northern Syria during the 3rd millennium BCE, frequently mentioned in Eblaite texts. Though its exact location re...

Adab

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: ~2600-2000BCE

Arrapkha was an ancient Mesopotamian city located near modern-day Kirkuk in northern Iraq. During the late 3rd millennium BCE, it came under the influ...

Arta

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 294-146BCE, 12th-15th c.CE

Arta, located in northwestern Greece, was an important city in antiquity, known as Ambracia, a Corinthian colony founded in the 7th century BCE. It la...

Caála

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 1650-1902

Ganda-a-Caué was a key settlement within the Kingdom of Wambu (also known as Huambo), one of the central Ovimbundu kingdoms in what is now Angola. Loc...

Qal'at Sherqat

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 2500-614BCE

Assur (or Ashur) was the first capital and religious center of ancient Assyria, located on the west bank of the Tigris River in modern-day northern Ir...

Belturbet

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

A town in County Cavan, Ireland, Belturbet has historical significance as a strategic crossing point on the River Erne. It played a role in medieval c...

Asuka

Country: Japan

Region: Asia

Period: 538-710CE

Asuka was an early capital of Japan during the Asuka period (c. 538–710 CE), located in present-day Nara Prefecture. It served as the political and cu...

Athens

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 5th c.BCE, 1834-present

Athens, the capital of Greece, is one of the world’s oldest cities, with history spanning over 3,000 years. It was the heart of Classical Greece, know...

Auckland

Country: New Zealand

Region: Oceania

Period: 1841-1865

Auckland was established in 1840 as the capital of the Colony of New Zealand, chosen for its strategic harbor and central location. It quickly grew as...

Austin

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1839-1846

Austin was designated the capital of the Republic of Texas in 1839, shortly after Texas gained independence from Mexico. Chosen for its central locati...

Inwa (near Mandalay)

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1365-1842

Ava (Inwa), located near modern-day Mandalay in Myanmar, served as a royal capital for several Burmese dynasties, notably the Toungoo and later the Ko...

Bacolor

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1755-1764

Bacolor is a town located in the province of Pampanga on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. During the period of Spanish rule (1565–1898), Bacolo...

Axum

Country: Ethiopia

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 1st-7th c.CE

Axum was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, located in what is now northern Ethiopia. The kingdom flourished from around the 1st to the 7th ...

Ayutthaya

Country: Thailand

Region: Asia

Period: 1350-1767

Ayutthaya was the capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767), located in present-day Thailand. Situated on an island at the confluence of the Chao P...

Babylon

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 1894BCE-2CE

Babylon was one of the most iconic cities of ancient Mesopotamia, located on the Euphrates River in present-day Iraq. Founded around the 18th century ...

Bacolod

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1898-1899

Bacolod is a city located on the island of Negros in the Philippines. During the period of the Cantonal Republic of Negros (1898–1899), Bacolod was on...

Bastia

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1383-1791

Bastia is a port city on the island of Corsica, France, known for its historic Old Port and Citadel. The city features a blend of Italian and French i...

Balkh

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 2000BCE-640CE

Bactra, known today as Balkh in northern Afghanistan, was the capital of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom from the 3rd century BCE. Situated strategically a...

Badajoz

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 1013-1094

Badajoz, located in western Spain near the Portuguese border, has a rich history shaped by both Christian and Moorish influences. The Badajoz Fortress...

Baguio

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1903-1940s

"Baguio is a city located in the northern part of the Philippines, in the province of Benguet, on the island of Luzon. Known as the ""Summer Capital o...

Bamburgh

Country: England, United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 7th-9th c.CE

Bamburgh, a coastal fortress in present-day Northumberland, England, was originally the capital of the Celtic kingdom of Bryneich and later a royal st...

Barcelona

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-15th c.

Barcelona, the vibrant capital of Catalonia in Spain, is renowned for its unique blend of modernist architecture and rich history. Designed by Antoni ...

Baturyn

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1669-1708

Baturyn, located in northern Ukraine, is a historically significant town known for its role as the capital of the Cossack Hetmanate in the 17th centur...

Béjaïa

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1067-1152

Béjaïa, also known as Bougie, is a coastal city in northeastern Algeria. It was the capital of the Emirate of Béjaïa during the 11th and 12th centurie...

Belgrade

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 1841-present

Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, is one of the oldest cities in Europe, with a history spanning over 2,000 years. Situated at the confluence of the Da...

Belize City

Country: Belize

Region: North America

Period: 1862-1970

Belize City, located at the mouth of the Belize River on the Caribbean coast, was the capital of British Honduras, a British colony established in the...

Belozersk

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 13-15th c.CE

Beloozero (or Belozersk) is a historic town in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the shores of Lake Beloye. It dates back to the 9th century and was ...

Benevento

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 571-1077CE

A major Lombard duchy from the 6th century, Benevento was a cultural and military hub in southern Italy, resisting Byzantine and Frankish invasions. I...

Benghazi

Country: Libya

Region: Africa

Period: 1949-1951CE

Benghazi, a coastal city in eastern Libya, was the de facto capital of the short-lived Emirate of Cyrenaica from 1949 to 1951. The emirate was establi...

Berat

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Berat, known as the “City of One Over One Windows”, is a historic city in Albania, located in the heart of the country’s lush landscape. Known for its...

Bergen

Country: Norway

Region: Europe

Period: 1240-1299CE

"Bergen, Norway's second-largest city, is renowned for its stunning natural beauty and rich history. Surrounded by mountains and fjords, including the...

Berlin

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1701-1945, 1990-present

Berlin, the capital of Germany, is a vibrant cultural hub known for its rich history, from the Brandenburg Gate to the Berlin Wall. The city blends hi...

Colombo

Country: Sri Lanka

Region: Asia

Period: 1815-1982

Colombo, located on the western coast of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), was a vibrant port city and commercial hub. Its strategic coastal position made it a ...

Beirut

Country: Lebanon

Region: Middle East

Period: 1888-1918, 1943-present

Berytus, known today as Beirut, was one of the prominent city-states of ancient Phoenicia, located along the eastern Mediterranean coast. As a Phoenic...

Bobovac (ruins)

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Region: Europe

Period: 1350s-1463CE

Bobovac was a medieval town in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving as the capital of the Bosnian Kingdom in the 14th and 15th centuries. It ho...

Mendenitsa

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-15th c.CE

Bodonitsa (modern Mendenitsa) was a medieval fortress town in central Greece, important during the Frankish and Venetian rule. It served as a defensiv...

Bolama

Country: Guinea-Bissau

Region: Africa

Period: 1852-1942CE

Bolama is an island town in the Bijagós Archipelago and was the first capital of Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) from 1879 to 1941. Chosen for i...

Bolgar

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-13th c.CE

Bolghar is a historic town located on the Volga River in Tatarstan, Russia. Once the capital of the Volga Bulgaria in the 10th-13th centuries, it was ...

Boma

Country: DR Congo

Region: Africa

Period: 1886-1923CE

Boma, located along the Congo River in present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, was the capital of the Congo Free State from 1886 to 1908. Admini...

Bonn

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1949-1990CE

Bonn, located on the Rhine River, is known for being the birthplace of Beethoven. It was the capital of West Germany during the Cold War and remains a...

Bouillon

Country: Belgium

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-18th c.CE

Bouillon is a historic town in Wallonia, Belgium, located along the Semois River. Known for its medieval Bouillon Castle, once the residence of Godfre...

Bourges

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1360-15th c.CE

Bourges, located in central France, is known for its stunning Gothic cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The city offers medieval charm with its ...

Braga

Country: Portugal

Region: Europe

Period: 3rd-5th c.CE

"Braga, located in northern Portugal, is one of the country’s oldest cities, rich in history and religious significance. Known as the ""Portuguese Rom...

Comayagua

Country: Honduras

Region: North America

Period: 1821-1880

Comayagua, nestled in central Honduras, was once the colonial capital and a major religious and administrative center. Known for its Spanish colonial ...

Talgarth

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-9th c.CE

Brecon, located in Powys, Wales, is a historic market town at the edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Known for its stunning natural beauty, Bre...

Bruges

Country: Belgium

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-15th c.CE

"Bruges is a charming medieval city in Belgium, known for its well-preserved architecture and canals. Often called the ""Venice of the North,"" it's f...

Bruree

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-10th c.CE

A prehistoric site in Ireland, Brú na Bóinne (including Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth) is older than the Pyramids. These Neolithic passage tombs are al...

Braunschweig

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1815-1918CE

Brunswick (Braunschweig) in northern Germany is a historic city known for its medieval architecture and the Brunswick Cathedral. The city was once a p...

Brussels

Country: Belgium

Region: Europe

Period: 15th c.-presentCE

Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is a dynamic city known for its blend of history, culture, and modernity. It is the heart of the European Union, hos...

Corinth

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 8th-4th c.BCE

Corinth, located on the narrow Isthmus connecting mainland Greece and the Peloponnese, was a wealthy and influential ancient city. Known for its strat...

Bucharest

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 1659-presentCE

Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is a dynamic city blending historical charm with modern vibrancy. Known for its grand architecture, it features bot...

Bückeburg

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1807-1918CE

Bückeburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany, is a small town known for its stunning Bückeburg Palace, a Renaissance-era castle. The town is also famous for th...

Malangke

Country: Indonesia

Region: Asia

Period: 13th c.CE-19th c.CE

Malangke is a historical region in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, known for its rich cultural and royal heritage. It was once the capital of the Kingdom o...

Bujumbura

Country: Burundi

Region: Africa

Period: 1962-2018CE

Bujumbura, located on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, was the capital of Burundi from independence in 1962 until 2019. Originally establish...

Bukhara

Country: Uzbekistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1785-1920CE

Bukhara, located in present-day Uzbekistan, was one of the most influential cities in Central Asia during both the Samanid dynasty (9th-10th centuries...

Bukittinggi

Country: Indonesia

Region: Asia

Period: 1948-1949CE

Bukittinggi is a city located in West Sumatra, Indonesia, known for its scenic beauty and cultural significance. Situated in the highlands of the Mina...

Burgos

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-12th c.CE

Burgos, located in northern Spain, is a historic city renowned for its Gothic architecture and rich cultural heritage. The Burgos Cathedral, a UNESCO ...

Bursa

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 1326-1365CE

Bursa, located in northwestern Turkey, is a city with a rich history, serving as the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. Known for its impressive Ott...

Byblos (Jbeil)

Country: Lebanon

Region: Middle East

Period: 3rd millen.BCE

Byblos, located on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. As a key city-stat...

Castletown

Country: Isle of Man

Region: Europe

Period: 1265-1869

Castletown, located on the Isle of Man, is the island's former capital and is known for its historical significance. The town's focal point is the imp...

Aremberg

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1549-1810

Aremberg is a small village in Germany, once serving as the capital of the Duchy of Aremberg from 1549 until 1810. Nestled in the picturesque Ahr Vall...

Cabinda

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 1885-1975CE

Cabinda is an exclave of Angola, located along the Atlantic coast, bordered by the Republic of the Congo to the north and the Democratic Republic of t...

Caerwent

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-6th c.CE

Caerwent, located in southeastern Wales, was a significant Roman town later incorporated into the Kingdom of Gwent during the early medieval period. I...

Cagliari

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1324-1848CE

Once the capital of the Giudicato of Cagliari, Cagliari became Sardinia’s leading city under Pisan, Aragonese, and later Savoyard rule. The Castello d...

Nimrud

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 9th-7th c.BCE

Calah, also known as Kalhu, was one of the ancient capitals of the Assyrian Empire, located near the Tigris River in modern-day northern Iraq. It was ...

Kolkata

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1772-1911CE

Calcutta (now Kolkata), located on the banks of the Hooghly River in eastern India, was the capital of British India from 1772 until 1911. Under Briti...

Câmpulung

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Câmpulung, located in the southern Carpathian Mountains in present-day Romania, was an important city in the Principality of Wallachia. It served as t...

Colchester

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 43-61CE

Colchester, located in Essex, England, is one of the oldest recorded towns in Britain. It was the site of Camulodunum, the capital of Roman Britain, a...

Cangas de Onís

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 718-791CE

Cangas de Onís is a historic town in the Asturias region of northern Spain, known for its scenic beauty and historical significance. It was the first ...

Cebu City

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1565-1571

Cebu, located in the central Philippines, is a historic island province and city known for its vibrant culture, coastal trade, and colonial legacy. As...

Cap-Haïtien

Country: Haiti

Region: North America

Period: 1807-1820CE

Cap-Français (now Cap-Haïtien), located on the northern coast of present-day Haiti, was the capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in the 18th...

Guaynabo

Country: Puerto Rico

Region: North America

Period: 1508-1521CE

Caparra, located near Guaynabo in Puerto Rico, was the first Spanish settlement on the island, founded in 1508 by Juan Ponce de León. Positioned inlan...

Cape Coast

Country: Ghana

Region: Africa

Period: 1664-1877CE

Cape Coast, located along the central coast of present-day Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast), is a historic town known for its colonial architecture, vi...

Capua

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 861-1058CE

A powerful city since Roman times, medieval Capua became a key Lombard duchy and later a Norman stronghold. It played a strategic role in southern Ita...

Cardiff

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 1955-present

Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a vibrant city known for its rich history and cultural significance. Located on the Cardiff Bay of the Bristol Chann...

Carmarthen

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-10th c.CE

Carmarthen, located in South Wales, is one of the oldest towns in the region, with a history dating back to Roman times. It was known as Moridunum dur...

Cartago

Country: Costa Rica

Region: North America

Period: 1563-1823

Cartago, located in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, is one of the country’s oldest cities. Nestled at the base of the Irazú Volcano, it blends colon...

Carthage (Ruins)

Country: Tunisia

Region: Africa

Period: 9th c.BCE-146BCE

Carthage, located in present-day Tunisia, was an ancient city of immense power and influence. After its fall to Rome in 146 BCE and later rebirth, it ...

Cashel

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-12th c.CE

Cashel, located in County Tipperary, Ireland, is a historic town best known for the Rock of Cashel, a striking medieval fortress on a limestone hill. ...

Castleton

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: ~ 1790-1791

Castleton, located in western Vermont near the New York border, is a historic New England town known for its scenic beauty and colonial roots. Establi...

Cetinje

Country: Montenegro

Region: Europe

Period: 1482-1946

"Cetinje is the historic capital of Montenegro, located in the southwestern part of the country. Known as the ""Royal Capital,"" it was the seat of th...

Ceva

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-16th c.CE

Ceva is a historic town in the Piedmont region of Italy, located along the Tanaro River and surrounded by the Ligurian Alps. Known for its medieval ch...

Champapuri

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 6th c.BCE

Champa (or Campā), located near present-day Bhagalpur in Bihar, India, was the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Anga. Nestled on the banks of the Gan...

Champasak

Country: Laos

Region: Asia

Period: 1713-1946

Champasak, located in southern Laos along the Mekong River, is a historic town that once served as the royal seat of the Champasak Kingdom. Surrounded...

Heraklion

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 824-961

Chandax, also known as Heraklion, is the largest city and the capital of Crete, Greece. Located on the north coast of the island, it blends modern vib...

Galveston

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1836

Galveston, located on a barrier island along the Gulf Coast, was a key port city in the Republic of Texas (1836–1845). Founded in the early 19th centu...

Chania

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 1898-1913

Chania, on the northwest coast of Crete, blends Venetian, Ottoman, and Greek influences. Its picturesque harbor, narrow alleys, and historical sites l...

Chavín de Huántar

Country: Peru

Region: South America

Period: 900-200BCE

Chavín de Huántar is an ancient archaeological site located in the Andean highlands of Peru. Known for its monumental architecture and intricate artwo...

Chelmsford

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 1381

Chelmsford, located in Essex, England, is a historic city with a rich heritage dating back to Roman times. It became a cathedral city in 2017 and is k...

Chernihiv

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-13th c.CE

Chernihiv, located in northern Ukraine, is one of the country's oldest cities, with a history dating back to the 9th century. Once a major center of t...

Chiang Mai

Country: Thailand

Region: Asia

Period: 1296-1558

Chiang Mai, located in northern Thailand, was the capital of the Lan Na Kingdom (13th–18th century), one of the most significant historical kingdoms i...

Chongqing

Country: China

Region: All Regions

Period: Historical

"Chongqing, a major city in southwestern China, played a significant role in the history of the Republic of China (ROC). Located on the Yangtze River,...

Chyhyryn

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1648-1669

Chyhyryn is a historic town in Central Ukraine, known for its significant role in the Cossack Hetmanate during the 17th century. It served as the capi...

Cidade do Acre

Country: Brazil

Region: South America

Period: 1899-1903

Cidade do Acre, the capital of the Republic of Acre (a short-lived independent state in the early 20th century), is located in the westernmost part of...

Olbia

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 11th c.-1296CE

Olbia, located on the northeastern coast of Sardinia, Italy, was once the capital of the Judicate of Gallura from the 11th century until its annexatio...

huyện

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 3rd-2nd c.BCE

Cổ Loa, located in present-day Hanoi, Vietnam, was the ancient capital of the Âu Lạc Kingdom, founded by the legendary King An Dương Vương. It was the...

Coimbra

Country: Portugal

Region: Europe

Period: 1131-1255

Coimbra, located in central Portugal, is a historic city known for its prestigious University of Coimbra, one of the oldest universities in Europe, fo...

Concepción

Country: Chile

Region: South America

Period: 1550-1575

Concepción, located near the coast in south-central Chile, was a vital colonial city established in the 16th century. Positioned strategically between...

Concepción del Uruguay

Country: Argentina

Region: South America

Period: 1820-1821

Concepción del Uruguay, located on the western banks of the Uruguay River, was a prominent river port and political center in 19th-century Argentina. ...

Copenhagen

Country: Denmark

Region: Europe

Period: 1443-present

The capital of Denmark, Copenhagen is known for its charming canals, modern design, and royal history. Landmarks include the Little Mermaid statue, Ti...

Córdoba

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 929-1031

Córdoba, located in southern Spain, was a major cultural and political center during the Islamic Golden Age. Once the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate...

Corfu

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 1800-1807

Corfu, an Ionian island, has a rich history influenced by the Venetians, British, and French. Its Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage site, features ele...

Cork

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 1st c.BCE-1118

Ireland’s second-largest city, Cork has a rich maritime and trade history. Established by the Vikings, it grew into a major cultural and economic cent...

Lépi

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 17th-19th c.CE

Huambo, formerly known as Huambo-Cabral Moncada, is a city in central Angola that served as the capital of the Kingdom of Huambo (also called Wambu) d...

Corte

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1755-1769

Corte, located in central Corsica, is a historical town with a rugged mountain backdrop. Once the capital of Corsica, it is home to the Citadel, offer...

Cospaia (ruins)

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1440-1826

Cospaia, a small village in Tuscany, Italy, is historically significant for its brief existence as an independent republic between 1440 and 1826. Situ...

Kraków

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 1038-1596

raków (or Cracovia in Italian), located in southern Poland, is one of the country's most historic and cultural gems. Set along the Vistula River, it b...

Ctesiphon

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 226-637CE

Ctesiphon, located on the Tigris River near modern-day Baghdad, was a grand metropolis and royal capital of the Parthian Empire. Renowned for its size...

Curtea de Argeș

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 1330-1418CE

Curtea de Argeș, located in southern Romania, is a historic town set along the Argeș River. Known for its beautiful Orthodox monasteries and serene su...

Cusco

Country: Peru

Region: South America

Period: 13th-16th c.CE

"Cuzco, nestled high in the Andes Mountains, was the capital of the Inca Empire and considered the ""navel of the world."" The city featured masterful...

Czersk

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-15th c.CE

Czersk, located in Pomerania, Poland, is a small town with rich historical roots. Known for its proximity to the Vistula River, Czersk features scenic...

Damascus

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: 1st millen.BCE, 661-750CE, present

Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, became the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 CE. Its strategic location ...

Kotte

Country: Sri Lanka

Region: Asia

Period: 1412-1597

Kotte, near modern-day Colombo, Sri Lanka, was the capital of the Kingdom of Kotte, a Sinhalese kingdom that rose to prominence in the 15th century. E...

Danthapuri

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 261BCE

Dantapura was an ancient city in the Kingdom of Kalinga, located on the eastern coast of India, near present-day Odisha. Known for its strategic locat...

Danville

Country: United States (Virginia)

Region: North America

Period: 1865

Danville, located in southern Virginia, became the temporary capital of the Confederate States of America during the final months of the American Civi...

Dar es Salaam

Country: Tanzania

Region: Africa

Period: 1891-1974

Dar es Salaam, located on the coast of East Africa along the Indian Ocean, was the capital of Tanganyika, a former British colony that later became pa...

Darmstadt

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1806-1918

Darmstadt, located in Hesse, Germany, is a city known for its rich cultural heritage and modern technological influence. Historically significant, it ...

Daulatabad (Devgiri Fort)

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1327-1334

Daulatabad, located in present-day Maharashtra, India, was a strategic and prosperous city during the Tughlaq dynasty in the 14th century. Originally ...

Debrc

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 1276-1282

Debrc is a small village located near Vladimirci, in the Southeast of Serbia. It is a quaint area, surrounded by lush landscapes and serene nature, of...

Debre Tabor

Country: Ethiopia

Region: Africa

Period: Mid-19th c.

"Debre Berhan, located in central Ethiopia, was established in the 15th century and served as a significant city in the Ethiopian Empire. Its name, me...

Delos

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 478-454BCE

Delos, a small island in the Aegean Sea, was an important religious and commercial center in ancient Greece, particularly for the Ionian city-states. ...

Dénia

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 1010-1076

Dénia, located on the eastern coast of Spain in the Valencia region, is a vibrant port town known for its beautiful beaches, Mediterranean climate, an...

Dhiban

Country: Jordan

Region: Middle East

Period: 9th c.BCE

Dibon was an ancient city in the Kingdom of Moab, located in modern-day Jordan, east of the Dead Sea. It was a major urban center and an important adm...

Laguna

Country: Brazil

Region: South America

Period: 1899

Laguna, a city in southern Brazil, was briefly the capital of the short-lived Juliana Republic in 1839. This separatist state emerged during the Ragam...

Dijon

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-15th c.CE

Dijon, the capital of Burgundy, France, is renowned for its rich history, stunning medieval architecture, and mustard production. The city is known fo...

Edinburgh

Country: Scotland, UK

Region: Europe

Period: 15th c.-present

Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a city known for its stunning historical and cultural heritage. Set against the backdrop of Edinburgh Castle an...

Llandeilo

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-10th c.CE

Dinefwr is a historic site located in Carmarthenshire, Wales, known for its castle and the nearby Dinefwr Park. Once the seat of the Kings of Deheubar...

Diriyah

Country: Saudi Arabia

Region: Middle East

Period: 1744-1818

Diriyah, located on the outskirts of modern Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, was the original home of the Al Saud family and the first capital of the Saudi sta...

Dmitrov

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-14th c.CE

Dmitrov is a historic town located in the Moscow Oblast of Russia, situated along the Yakhroma River. Known for its rich history, Dmitrov features pic...

Donegal Town

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 15th-17th c.CE

Donegal is a picturesque town located in the northwest of Ireland, known for its stunning landscapes, rich heritage, and proximity to the Atlantic Oce...

Dorchester on Thames

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 1st-5th c.CE

Dorchester-on-Thames is a charming village in Oxfordshire, England, situated at the confluence of the Thames and Thame rivers. Known for its picturesq...

Wijk bij Duurstede

Country: Netherlands

Region: Europe

Period: 7th-9th c.CE

Dorestad was an important Frisian town during the Early Middle Ages, located near the modern town of Wijk bij Duurstede in the Netherlands. Situated o...

Dresden

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1485-1918

"Dresden is the capital city of Saxony, located on the banks of the Elbe River in eastern Germany. Known for its rich history, baroque architecture, a...

Ouled Mimoun

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 300-700CE

Al-Askar was a garrison city established in 750 CE as the administrative capital of Egypt under the early Abbasid Caliphate. During the Tulunid Emirat...

Dromahair

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 1051-1589

romahair, located in present-day County Leitrim, Ireland, was a significant settlement within the Kingdom of Breifne and later the Kingdom of West Bre...

Dublin

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.CE-present

Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is a vibrant and historical city located on the River Liffey. Known for its rich literary heritage, georgian architect...

Dumbarton

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-11th c.CE

Dumbarton is a historic town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, located at the confluence of the Rivers Leven and Clyde. Known for its scenic beauty an...

Dunadd (ruins)

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-8th c.

Dunadd is an ancient hillfort located in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, near the town of Lochgilphead. Once a stronghold of the early Kingdom of Dalriada,...

Dunfermline

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-15th c.CE

Dunfermline, located in Fife, Scotland, is a historic town with a rich cultural and industrial heritage. Once the capital of Scotland during the Middl...

Canterbury

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-8th c.CE

Durovernum is the ancient Roman name for what is now Canterbury, located in Kent, England. As a significant Roman settlement, it thrived as a military...

Durrës

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 1914-1920

Durrës, located on the Adriatic Sea in western Albania, is one of the country’s oldest cities, with a rich history dating back to ancient times. It wa...

East-Berlin

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1949-1990

East Berlin, once the capital of East Germany, is now part of unified Berlin. The city has a rich history, especially related to the Cold War, with la...

Tell Mardikh

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: 3000BCE-1600BCE

Ebla was an ancient city-state located in modern-day Syria, near present-day Idlib. Flourishing around 2500–2250 BCE, it was a major economic and poli...

York

Country: England, United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 1st-5th c.CE, 7th-9th c.

Ebrauc, now known as York, is an ancient city in northern England that dates back to Roman and pre-Roman times. It was a prominent settlement in Roman...

Hamadan

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 7th-6th c.BCE

Ecbatana (Old Persian: Hangmatana, meaning “place of assembly”) was the capital of the Median Empire, located in modern-day Hamadan, Iran. Built on a ...

Lubumbashi

Country: DR Congo

Region: Africa

Period: 1960-1963

Élisabethville, now known as Lubumbashi, was the capital of the State of Katanga, a secessionist region in the Congo during the early 1960s. Establish...

Enkomi

Country: Cyprus

Region: Europe

Period: 1450-1050BCE

Enkomi was a major Bronze Age city on the eastern coast of Cyprus, often identified with the ancient kingdom of Alashiya. Situated near modern-day Fam...

Ennis

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-16th c.CE

Ennis, located in County Clare, Ireland, was a prominent town within the medieval Gaelic Kingdom of Thomond. Situated along the River Fergus, it devel...

Entebbe

Country: Uganda

Region: Africa

Period: 1905-1962

Entebbe is a charming lakeside town located on the northern shores of Lake Victoria, about 40 km from Kampala. With its cooler climate, botanical beau...

Tell Asmar

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 3rd-2nd millen. BCE

Eshnunna was an influential city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at modern-day Tell Asmar in Iraq. Situated along key trade routes east of the T...

Esztergom

Country: Hungary

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-13th c.CE

One of Hungary’s oldest cities, Esztergom was the medieval royal capital and remains the spiritual center of the country, home to Hungary’s largest ba...

Fatehpur Sikri

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1571-1585

Fatehpur Sikri, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India, was a grand city built by Emperor Akbar in the 16th century as the capital of the Mughal ...

Ferns

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-12th c.CE

Ferns, located in modern County Wexford, Ireland, was an important early medieval settlement and religious center in the kingdom of Laighin (Leinster)...

Ferrara

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-16th c.CE

Capital of the powerful Este family from the 13th to 16th centuries, Ferrara became a Renaissance cultural hub, home to artists, scholars, and archite...

Fes

Country: Morocco

Region: Africa

Period: 9th c.CE-present

Fez, located in northern Morocco, was founded in the late 8th century by Idris I and became a vibrant political, religious, and cultural center. Under...

Rijeka

Country: Croatia

Region: Europe

Period: 1920-1924

Fiume, now Rijeka, is a historic port city in Croatia. Situated on the Adriatic Sea, it has a diverse cultural heritage influenced by Italian, Croatia...

Flensburg

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 15th-19th c.CE

Flensburg is a port city in northern Germany, historically significant as the last capital of Nazi Germany in the final days of World War II. After Ad...

Florence

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1115-1532

One of Italy’s greatest cities, Florence was the capital of the Republic of Florence, later the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and even the capital of Italy ...

Forres

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-11th c.CE

Forres is a small, picturesque town in Moray, Scotland, known for its rich history, charming streets, and scenic surroundings. Situated near the River...

Chipata

Country: Zambia

Region: Africa

Period: 1900-1911

Fort Jameson, now known as Chipata, was established in the early 20th century as a colonial outpost in North-Eastern Rhodesia (modern-day Zambia). Loc...

Frankfurt am Main

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-19th c.CE

Frankfurt, one of Germany’s financial hubs, is known for its modern skyline, with landmarks like the Main Tower and the Römer. The city also offers hi...

Kashihara

Country: Japan

Region: Asia

Period: 660BCE

Fujiwara-kyō was the imperial capital of Japan from 694 to 710 CE, located in present-day Kashihara, Nara Prefecture. It was the first capital laid ou...

Itjtawy

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 1991-1786BCE

Itjtawy, meaning “Seizer of the Two Lands,” was the capital of Middle Kingdom Egypt, founded by Pharaoh Amenemhat I around 1975 BCE. Though often asso...

Kaesong

Country: North Korea

Region: Asia

Period: 918-1392

Gaegyeong, located in present-day Kaesong, North Korea, was the capital of the Goryeo dynasty from 919 to 1394. Nestled between mountains and rivers, ...

Gaeta

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-12th c.CE

Gaeta, located in central Italy along the Tyrrhenian Sea, was an important maritime city and the capital of the Duchy of Gaeta from the 9th to the 11t...

Halych

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-14th c.CE

Halych, a historic town in western Ukraine, lies along the Dniester River and is known for its medieval past and cultural heritage. Once the capital o...

Nusantara

Country: Indonesia

Region: Africa

Period: 2024 (planned)

Nusantara is a planned capital city of Indonesia, located on Ascension Island in the Indian Ocean. It will replace Jakarta as the political and econom...

Çankırı

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 31BCE-5/6 BC

Gangra was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Paphlagonia, located in the northern part of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). The city, situated in the ...

Ganja

Country: Azerbaijan

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 1750-1804

Ganja, located in western Azerbaijan, is the second-largest city in the country and has a rich history dating back to ancient times. During the period...

Gaur (Ruins)

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 1450-1565

Gaur (also known as Lakhnauti) was a historic city located in the present-day Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India. It served as the capital of ...

Gaza

Country: Palestine

Region: Middle East

Period: 16th-17th c.BCE

Gaza, one of the five major cities of the ancient Philistine pentapolis, was located along the southern coastal plain of modern-day Israel and Palesti...

Genoa

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 11th c.CE-1797

One of the greatest maritime republics, Genoa dominated Mediterranean trade from the 11th to 18th centuries. It controlled territories from Corsica to...

Ghazni

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 977-1186

Ghazni, located in present-day Afghanistan, was the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire from the 10th to the 12th centuries. Positioned strategically on t...

Ghent

Country: Belgium

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-14th c.CE

Ghent is a vibrant city in Belgium, known for its medieval architecture, canals, and rich history. Key landmarks include the Gravensteen Castle, St. B...

Tell el-Ful (Archaeological site)

Country: Palestine

Region: Middle East

Period: 11th c.BCE

Gibeah was an ancient city located in the central highlands of ancient Israel, mentioned frequently in the Bible. It served as an important center in ...

Girona

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 8th c.CE-~ 14th c.CE

Girona, a historic city in Catalonia, Spain, is known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, colorful houses along the Onyar River, and rich cu...

Gniezno

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-11th c.CE

Gniezno, located in western Poland, is one of the country’s oldest cities and holds immense historical significance. Often considered the birthplace o...

Gondar

Country: Ethiopia

Region: Africa

Period: 1632-1855

"Gondar, located in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, served as the capital of the Ethiopian Empire from the 17th to the mid-19th centuries. Known f...

Goris

Country: Armenia

Region: Europe

Period: 8th c.BCE

Goris is a historic town located in the southeastern part of Armenia, nestled in a picturesque valley surrounded by cliffs and mountains. It was part ...

Gorkha

Country: Nepal

Region: Asia

Period: 1559-1768

Gorkha, located in present-day Nepal, was the capital of the Gorkha Kingdom, a small yet significant state in the central part of the country. Situate...

Gortyn (Ruins)

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 67BCE-258CE

Gortyn, an ancient city in Crete, was a powerful Roman-era capital. Known for the Gortyn Code, the oldest written legal code in Europe, it features ru...

Govan (Glasgow)

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-11th c.CE

Govan, located on the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland, was once a significant center of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, a Gaelic-speaking kingdom that th...

Granada

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 1238-1492

Granada, located in southern Spain, is a city renowned for its stunning Moorish architecture and rich cultural history. As the last stronghold of Musl...

León

Country: Nicaragua

Region: North America

Period: 1839-1852

León is one of Nicaragua's oldest and most historically significant cities, located in the western part of the country. Founded in 1524, it is renowne...

Grand-Bassam

Country: Ivory Coast

Region: Africa

Period: 1893-1900

Grand-Bassam is a coastal city in southeastern Ivory Coast, located on the Gulf of Guinea. It was the first capital of the French colony of Ivory Coas...

Bingerville

Country: Ivory Coast

Region: Africa

Period: 1900-1934

Bingerville is a town near Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), which served as the capital of the French colony from 1900 to 1934. Named after Fre...

Guimarães

Country: Portugal

Region: Europe

Period: 12th c.CE

"Guimarães, located in northern Portugal, is known as the birthplace of the country and a key city in Portuguese history. Often referred to as the ""C...

Ji'an

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 3rd-5th c.CE

Gungnae was the first capital of the Goguryeo Kingdom, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in present-day northeastern China and parts of Kore...

Suzhou

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 12th c.BCE

Gusu was a historic city located in what is now Suzhou, China, and was associated with the Viscountcy of Xu during the Warring States period (475–221 ...

Hakodate

Country: Japan

Region: Asia

Period: 1868-1869

Hakodate is a city located on the southern tip of the island of Hokkaido, Japan. During the brief existence of the Republic of Ezo (also known as the ...

Kaifeng

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 960-1127

Kaifeng, located in present-day Henan Province, was the capital of the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127 CE). Strategically placed along the Yellow Rive...

Bailundo

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 19th c.CE

Halã-Vala and Bimbe-Katapi are two historically significant locations within the region of Bailundo, which is situated in the central part of Angola. ...

Hangzhou

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 1127-1279

Hangzhou, located in modern-day Zhejiang Province, China, was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279 CE). It became a major political, cu...

Hanover

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1692-1866

Hanover, in northern Germany, is a major center for trade fairs and industry. It is also known for its beautiful parks, such as Herrenhausen Gardens, ...

Cabaça

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 17th c.CE

Cabaça was a significant settlement in the Kingdom of Dongo, an early African kingdom located in the region that is now part of modern-day northern An...

Haram

Country: Yemen

Region: Africa

Period: 3rd millen.BCE

Haram was an ancient city-state and a part of the broader region of Arabia, which flourished during the pre-Islamic era. It was located in what is tod...

Harappa (Archaeological site)

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 2600-1900BCE

Harappa was one of the major urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization), which thrived around 3300–1300 ...

Harran

Country: Turkey

Region: All Regions

Period: Historical

"Harran, located in modern-day southeastern Turkey, has a rich history that spans several major civilizations, including the Assyrian Empire and the U...

Harrisburg

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1835-1836

Harrisburg, located near the present-day city of Houston, Texas, was a small but significant settlement during the early years of the Republic of Texa...

Hastings

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 6th c.-771CE

Hastings, located on the southeast coast of England, is a historic town best known for the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Before this pivotal event, the ...

Hattusa (ruins)

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 1600-1178BCE

Hattusa was the capital of the Hittite Empire, located in what is today central Turkey. It was one of the most important cities in the Principality Ci...

Hazrat Pandua (Ruins)

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

Hazrat Pandua, also known as Pandua, was a significant city in the Bengal Sultanate, located in the region that is now part of modern-day Bangladesh. ...

Hebron

Country: Palestine

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 10th c.BCE

Hebron, an ancient city in the southern West Bank, holds significant historical importance. In the Kingdom of Israel, it was one of the oldest cities ...

Qumis

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 3rd c.BCE

Hecatompylos, an ancient city of the Parthian Empire, was the capital of the Parthian Kingdom before the rise of Ctesiphon. Located in present-day Ira...

Hegra (Archaeological Site)

Country: Saudi Arabia

Region: Middle East

Period: 1st c.CE

Hegea was an ancient city associated with the Kingdom of Thamud, a South Arabian civilization that thrived between the 1st millennium BCE and the 1st ...

Heidelberg

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-18th c.CE

Heidelberg, in southwestern Germany, is famous for its historic university, the oldest in Germany. The city's picturesque Old Town, dominated by Heide...

Nara

Country: Japan

Region: Asia

Period: 710-794CE

Heijō-kyō was the capital of Japan during the Nara period (710–794 CE). Located in present-day Nara, it was the political, cultural, and religious cen...

Herat

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 15th c.CE

Herat, located in present-day Afghanistan, was an important city in the history of Central Asia, particularly during the rule of the Samanid Dynasty (...

Annaba

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 3rd c.BCE

Hippo Regius, located in present-day Annaba, Algeria, was a prominent city in North Africa during the time of the Vandal Kingdom (439–534 CE). It beca...

Hlukhiv

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1708-1764

Hlukhiv, a historic town in northern Ukraine, is known for its role as a significant administrative center in the Cossack Hetmanate, a semi-autonomous...

Jakarta

Country: Indonesia

Region: Asia

Period: 1945-present

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is located on the northwest coast of Java. Formerly known as Batavia during Dutch colonial rule and Sunda Kelapa be...

Hoa Lư

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 968-1010

Hoa Lư, located in present-day Ninh Bình Province, Vietnam, was the capital of the Đại Cồ Việt (also known as the Dai Co Viet) during the reign of the...

Honolulu

Country: Hawaii (USA)

Region: Oceania

Period: 1850-1893

Honolulu, located on the island of Oahu, was the capital and largest city of the Kingdom of Hawaii from the mid-19th century until the overthrow of th...

Houston

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1837-1839

Houston, founded in 1836, served as the capital of the Republic of Texas from 1837 to 1839. Located along the Buffalo Bayou in what is now southeaster...

Kasongo

Country: DR Congo

Region: Africa

Period: 19th c.CE

Kasongo was an important city in the Sultanate of Utetera, located in the central part of modern-day Democratic Republic of Congo. The Sultanate of Ut...

Huế

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 192-605, 1738-1945

Huế, located in central Vietnam, was the capital of An Nam under the Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945). Established by Emperor Gia Long, the city became the ...

Hyderabad

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1724-1948

Hyderabad was the capital of the Hyderabad State, a princely state in India, which existed from 1724 until 1948. The city, located in southern India, ...

Iași

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 1564-1859

Iasy, historically known as Sayram, is one of Central Asia’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, located in present-day Kazakhstan. During the time ...

Igbo-Ukwu

Country: Nigeria

Region: Africa

Period: 9th-10th c.CE

Igbo-Ukwu, located in present-day southeastern Nigeria, was a significant town in the Kingdom of Nri, a spiritual and political center of the Igbo peo...

Innsbruck

Country: Austria

Region: Europe

Period: 15th c.CE

Innsbruck is the fifth-largest city in Austria and the provincial capital of Tyrol, as well as one of the largest cities in the Alps. It is in a valle...

Exeter

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-11th c.CE

Isca Dumnoniorum, known today as Exeter, is a historic city located in Devon, England. During the early medieval period, it was a prominent settlement...

Fenghao

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 11th-8th c.BCE

Gungnae was the first capital of the Goguryeo Kingdom, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in present-day northeastern China and parts of Kore...

Jajce

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

PictureJajce is a historic town in Bosnia and Herzegovina, known for its stunning waterfall on the Pliva River and its rich history. It was the capita...

Isfahan

Country: Iran

Region: Asia

Period: 1911-present

Indraprastha, meaning City of Indra, was a legendary city in ancient India, traditionally identified with the Kuru Kingdom and prominently featured i...

Hubei Province

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 2100BCE-~ 650BCE

Hubei, located in central China, was historically a marquisate under the control of the Huang family during the Warring States period and the early Ha...

Jauja

Country: Peru

Region: South America

Period: 1534-1535

Jauja, located in the central highlands of Peru, was founded in 1534 by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro. It became the first Spanish capital of...

Jelling

Country: Denmark

Region: Europe

Period: 10th c.CE

Jellinge, a small town in Denmark, is famous for the Jelling stones, UNESCO World Heritage sites. These Viking-era monuments commemorate King Gorm the...

Jerusalem

Country: Israel

Region: Middle East

Period: 1047 –930BCE, 1949-now

Jerusalem, one of the most historically significant cities in the world, was the capital of the Kingdom of Israel during the reign of King David aroun...

Jamba

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 1976-1992

Jamba is a town located in the southeastern region of Angola, historically significant for its role during the Angolan Civil War. The town served as a...

Kailua-Kona

Country: Hawaii (USA)

Region: Oceania

Period: 1812-1820

Kailua-Kona, located on the western coast of Hawaiʻi Island, served as a royal residence during the Kingdom of Hawaii. It was favored for its dry clim...

Yicheng County

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 1042BCE-678BCE

Jiang was an ancient settlement and vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty, later becoming a client state of the powerful State of Jin. Located in what ...

Kalomo

Country: Zambia

Region: Africa

Period: 1902-1907

Kalomo, located in present-day southern Zambia, was the first administrative capital of North-Western Rhodesia, a British colonial territory establish...

Kampil

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 6th c.BCE

Kampilya was the capital of the ancient Panchala Kingdom, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. Known from Vedic texts and the Mahabharata, it ...

Kandahar

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1709-1776

Kandahar, located in modern-day Afghanistan, was the heart of the Durrani Empire, founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747. It served as the empire’s cap...

Kandy

Country: Sri Lanka

Region: Asia

Period: 1469-1815

Kandy was the last independent kingdom in Sri Lanka, situated in the central highlands. It was founded in the late 15th century and lasted until its a...

Kültepe

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 20th-18th c.BCE

Kanesh was an ancient city of the Kingdom of Tabal, located in modern-day Turkey, near the town of Kızılkaya in the Nizip District. It was a major tra...

Kathmandu

Country: Nepal

Region: Asia

Period: 1768-present

Kantipur was the capital of the Kingdom of Kantipur, a historical kingdom located in the Kathmandu Valley, in present-day Nepal. The city, known today...

Tilaurakot

Country: Nepal

Region: Asia

Period: 6th c.BCE

Kapilavatthu was the capital of the Monarchical Republic of the Shakya clan, located in present-day Lumbini Province, Nepal. It is famously known as t...

Karachi

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1947-1959

: Karachi is the largest city and economic hub of Pakistan, located on the Arabian Sea in the southern part of the country. Originally founded as a sm...

Karlsruhe

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1715-1918

Karlsruhe, in southwestern Germany, is known for its distinctive fan-shaped city layout and the Karlsruhe Palace. The city is a center for technology ...

Kragujevac

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 1818-1841

Kragujevac, located in central Serbia, served as the first capital of the modern Principality of Serbia in the early 19th century. Positioned strategi...

Zollfeld (site near Maria Saal)

Country: Austria

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.CE

Karnburg was the capital of the Principality of Carantania, an early medieval Slavic principality located in the region of modern-day Carinthia, Austr...

Balchik

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 1913-1940

Karvuna, historically known as a medieval fortress and port on the Black Sea coast, was an important center in present-day Bulgaria. It played a signi...

Ngazargamu

Country: Nigeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1460-1809

Ngazargamu was a prominent city in the Kanem-Bornu Empire, located in present-day Chad, near Lake Chad in Central Africa. It served as the capital of ...

Kassel

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1803-1866

Kassel, in central Germany, is known for its art and cultural heritage, especially the documenta exhibition, a major contemporary art show. The city’s...

Poombuhar

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 3rd c.BCE-4th c.CE

Kaveripoompattinam, also known as Puhar, was the capital of the early Chola Kingdom, located in present-day Tamil Nadu, India. Situated at the mouth o...

Kazan

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1438-1552

Kazan, located in the European part of Russia along the Volga River, is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. Historically, it was the capital of ...

Kelmis

Country: Belgium

Region: Europe

Period: 1816-1919

Kelmis was a small town in the region known as Neutral Moresnet, a microstate between Belgium and Germany that existed from 1816 to 1920. The area was...

Kerma (archaeological site)

Country: Sudan

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 2500-1500BCE

Kerma was the capital of the Kingdom of Kerma, a powerful state in ancient Nubia, located in what is now Sudan. The kingdom thrived from around 2500 B...

Kilmaine

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 1330CE-1602CE

Kilmaine, located in County Mayo, Ireland, was a significant settlement within the territory of the Mac William Íochtar, a Gaelic lordship in Connacht...

Kernavė

Country: Lithuania

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Kernavė, located in northeastern Lithuania, is an ancient town known for its historical and archaeological significance. Once the capital of the Grand...

Kharkiv

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1919-1934

Kharkiv, located in northeastern Ukraine, is the second-largest city in the country and a major cultural, industrial, and educational center. Founded ...

Khiva

Country: Uzbekistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1511-1920

Khiva was the capital of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (Khorezm SSR), a short-lived Soviet client state from 1920 to 1924 in Central Asia, loca...

Tell edh-Dhahab esh-Sharqi

Country: Jordan

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 900BCE

Penuel was an ancient city in the Kingdom of Israel, located east of the Jordan River. It is most famously mentioned in the Bible, where it is linked ...

Knin

Country: Croatia

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-12th c.CE

Knin is a historic town in southern Croatia, located near the Krka River. Known for the Knin Fortress, it was a strategic military center in medieval ...

Khust

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1939

Khust, located in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine, is a historic town situated at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains. Known for its scenic bea...

Kyiv

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.CE-present

Kiev (now Kyiv) was the capital and cultural heart of Kievan Rus’, a powerful federation of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centu...

Kilkenny

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 1642-1652

Kilkenny was a key settlement within the Kingdom of Ossory (Osraige), a medieval Irish kingdom that existed from early Christian times into the Norman...

Killarney

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-16th c.CE

Killarney, nestled in modern County Kerry, Ireland, was a significant settlement within the Kingdom of Desmond, a Gaelic kingdom established by the Ma...

Knossos (Ruins)

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 2000-1400BCE

Knossos, near Heraklion, was the center of Minoan civilization, dating back to 1900 BCE. The Palace of Knossos, associated with the myth of the Minota...

Kokand

Country: Uzbekistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1709-1876

Kokand was the capital of the Khanate of Kokand, a Central Asian state that existed from the 18th to mid-19th centuries, located in present-day Uzbeki...

Palikir

Country: Federated States of Micronesia

Region: Oceania

Period: 1989-present

Kolonia was the capital of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and is located on the island of Pohnpei, the largest island in the FSM. Once a col...

Königsberg 

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1525-1701

Königsberg was the capital of East Prussia and a key city in the Kingdom of Prussia. Founded by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century, it developed...

Bạch Hạc District

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 2524-258BCE

Phong Châu, in modern-day Phú Thọ Province, Vietnam, was the legendary capital of Văn Lang, the first known Vietnamese state, traditionally ruled by t...

Koror City

Country: Palau

Region: Oceania

Period: 1981-2006

Koror City is Palau’s bustling urban heart, spread across several islands connected by bridges. As the country’s most populous and lively city, it off...

Krujë

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 1190-1255

Krujë, perched on a mountainside in central Albania, was the capital of the Principality of Arbanon, the first Albanian state in the Middle Ages. Its ...

Kufa

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 661-750

Kufa, founded in 638 CE in present-day Iraq, was a garrison town established by the Rashidun Caliphate. Located along the Euphrates River, it quickly ...

Kukawa

Country: Nigeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1814-1893

Kukawa was the capital of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, one of the most powerful and enduring empires in Central Africa. Located on the shores of Lake Chad ...

Kaundanyapur

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~1100BCE–~500BCE

Kundinapuri was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Vidarbha, located in present-day Maharashtra, India. This kingdom, which existed during the earl...

La Venta (archaeological site)

Country: Mexico

Region: North America

Period: ~ 900-400BCE

La Venta was a major ceremonial center of the Olmec civilization, often considered the heart of the ancient Olmec kingdom. Located in present-day Taba...

Lagos

Country: Nigeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1914-1991

Lagos, situated on the southwestern coast of Nigeria, was a key city during the British colonial period. Originally a Yoruba settlement, it became a m...

Lahaina

Country: Hawaii (USA)

Region: Oceania

Period: 1820-1845

Lahaina, located on the island of Maui, served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1820 to 1845. This coastal town was a political and royal ...

Lahore

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: 16th-19th c.CE

Lahore, located on the banks of the Ravi River, has been a vibrant cultural and political center for centuries. It rose to prominence under the Ghazna...

Laon

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 10th c.CE

Laon, perched on a strategic hill in northern France, was an important city in the Kingdom of West Francia during the early medieval period. It served...

Mrauk U

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1430-1785

Launggyet was the capital of the Kingdom of Arakan (Rakhine) in present-day western Myanmar from the 13th to the 15th centuries. Nestled near the Kala...

Alba Longa

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1151BCE-?

Lavinium was an ancient city in Latium, near modern-day Pratica di Mare, Italy. According to Roman mythology, it was founded by Aeneas and served as a...

Lejre

Country: Denmark

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-10th c.CE

Lejre, located on the island of Zealand in modern Denmark, was an important center during the early medieval period and is believed to have been a roy...

León

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 910-1230

León, located in northwestern Spain, was the capital of the Kingdom of León from the 10th to the 12th centuries. Founded by the Visigoths, it later be...

Lescar

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 12th c.CE

Lescar, located in southwestern France, was the capital of the Viscounty of Béarn during the medieval period. Situated near the Pyrenees, it served as...

Levuka

Country: Fiji

Region: Oceania

Period: 1871-1877

Levuka, located on the island of Ovalau in Fiji, was the first capital of the Colony of Fiji from 1874 to 1882. It was an important port and administr...

Lezhë

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 1444-1479

Lezhë is a historic city located in northern Albania, which was the capital of the Principality of Dukagjini during the medieval period. It is situate...

Lille

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-14th c.CE

Lille, located in northern France, was a key city in the County of Flanders during the medieval period. Initially a small settlement, it grew into a m...

Lincoln

Country: England, United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 7th-9th c.CE

Lindum (modern-day Lincoln) was the capital of the Kingdom of Lindsey, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom located in what is now eastern England. It was an import...

Lisbon

Country: Portugal

Region: Europe

Period: 1255-present

Lisbon, the modern capital of Portugal, was once the capital of the Taifa of Lisbon, a Muslim kingdom that emerged in the 11th century after the colla...

Livingstone

Country: Zambia

Region: Africa

Period: 1907-1935

Livingstone is a city in present-day Zambia, named after the famous British missionary and explorer David Livingstone. It served as the capital of Nor...

London

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 12th c.-present

London, the capital of England, was the heart of the Kingdom of England for much of its history. It began as a Roman settlement known as Londinium and...

Longvek (ruins)

Country: Cambodia

Region: Asia

Period: 1525-1593

Longvek was the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia during the 16th century, specifically under the reign of King Satha and later his successor, King B...

Lopburi

Country: Thailand

Region: Asia

Period: 17th c.CE

Lopburi is a city in central Thailand, historically significant as a key location in the Ayutthaya Kingdom. It served as a major administrative and mi...

Lovech

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 12th c.-1446

Lovech is a city in central Bulgaria that was the capital of the Despotate of Lovech, a medieval Bulgarian principality in the late Middle Ages. It wa...

Maragheh

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 1256-1265CE

Maragheh, located in northwestern Iran, was a prominent city during the Ilkhanate period in the 13th century. It served as the first capital of the Mo...

Luang Prabang

Country: Laos

Region: Asia

Period: 1707-1946

Luang Prabang is a city in northern Laos, once the capital of the Kingdom of Laos. Situated at the confluence of the Mekong and Nam Khan rivers, it se...

Lublin

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 16th c.CE

Lublin is a city in eastern Poland that played a significant role during World War II as the headquarters of the Polish Committee of National Liberati...

Lucca

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1160-1805

Lucca is a historic city in Tuscany, Italy, that was the capital of the independent Republic of Lucca for much of the medieval and early modern period...

Lucerne

Country: Switzerland

Region: Europe

Period: 1798-1799

Lucerne is a city in central Switzerland that was an important part of the Helvetic Republic, a revolutionary government that existed from 1798 to 180...

Lumbala-Nguimbo

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 1500-1917

Lumbala N'guimbo is a historic town located in the province of Moxico in eastern Angola. It was an important settlement within the Mbunda Kingdom, a p...

Luoyang

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 2070BCE-~ 1250BCE

Luoyang is an ancient city in central China, historically significant as the capital of multiple Chinese dynasties, including the Zhou and Han dynasti...

Ma'rib

Country: Yemen

Region: Africa

Period: 8th c.BCE-275CE

Ma'rib is an ancient city located in present-day Yemen, historically the capital of the Kingdom of Sabaea (also known as Sheba). The Sabaean kingdom, ...

Madurai

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: Ancient-14th c.CE

Madurai is a historic city in southern India, known for its association with the ancient Pandya Empire. Located in Tamil Nadu, it served as the capita...

Mantua

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1530-1708

Mantua, located in northern Italy, was the capital of the Duchy of Mantua, a powerful Renaissance state ruled by the Gonzaga family from 1328 to 1708....

Mahdia

Country: Tunisia

Region: Africa

Period: 921-973CE

Mahdia is a coastal city in Tunisia, historically significant as the capital of the Zirid dynasty in the 10th century. The city, founded in 916 by the...

Málaga

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 11th c.CE

Málaga is a historic city located in southern Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. It was an important city in the Taifa of Málaga, a Muslim kingdom tha...

Malolos

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1899-1901

Malolos is a historic city in the Philippines, located in Bulacan, and served as the capital of the First Philippine Republic from 1899 to 1901. It is...

Mandalay

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1857-1885

Mandalay, located in central Myanmar, was the last royal capital of the Burmese kingdom under the Konbaung dynasty. Founded in 1857 by King Mindon, it...

Mannheim

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1720-1778

Mannheim, located in present-day southwestern Germany, was a key city in the Electorate of the Palatinate during the Holy Roman Empire. It grew in pol...

Tell Hariri (Archaeological site)

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: 3rd millen.BCE

Mari was an ancient Semitic city-state located on the western bank of the Euphrates River in present-day Syria. It flourished as a major urban center ...

Marrakesh

Country: Morocco

Region: Africa

Period: 11th-17th c.CE

Founded in 1070 by the Almoravids, Marrakesh rapidly became a vital political, religious, and trade center in the western Islamic world. Surrounded by...

Mottama

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 14th-16th c.CE

Martaban, located in present-day Myanmar, was an important port city in the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which was a powerful Mon kingdom in the lower part of...

Mascara

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1832-1841

Mascara is a city in western Algeria that served as the capital of the Emirate of Abdelkader, founded by the Algerian leader Emir Abdelkader in the ea...

Mashhad

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 18th c.CE

Mashhad, located in northeastern Iran, was the capital of the Afsharid dynasty under Nader Shah, who established the dynasty in the early 18th century...

Forden (near Welshpool)

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Mathrafal was a medieval settlement located in Powys, Wales, once the capital of the Kingdom of Powys. Situated near the River Severn, it served as a ...

Maymana

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 18th-19th c.CE

Maymana, located in northern Afghanistan, was the capital of the Maimana Khanate, a regional power in the 17th and 18th centuries. The city was histor...

Mdina

Country: Malta

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 800CE-1530

"Mdina, located on the island of Malta, was the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily during the medieval period. Known as the ""Silent City,"" it sits ato...

Birgu

Country: Malta

Region: Europe

Period: 1530-1571

Birgu, also known as Vittoriosa, is one of the historic Three Cities of Malta, located on the island’s southern coast. It played a key role in the Gre...

Meknes

Country: Morocco

Region: Africa

Period: 1672-1727

Meknes is a historic city in northern Morocco that served as the capital of the Alaouite Sultanate under the rule of Ismail Ibn Sharif in the late 17t...

Melbourne

Country: Australia

Region: Oceania

Period: 1901-1927

Melbourne is the capital city of the state of Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1835, it has grown to become one of Australia's largest and most cultura...

Mérida

Country: Mexico

Region: North America

Period: 1841-1848

Mérida is the capital of the Mexican state of Yucatán, and historically, it was the capital of the Republic of Yucatán, which existed from 1841 to 184...

Meroë

Country: Sudan

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 800BCE-350CE

Meroë was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush, located in what is now northern Sudan. It served as the center of the kingdom from around 800 BCE to 350...

Mathura

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 700BCE-300BCE

Methora, located in the region of ancient Surasena, was a significant city in ancient India. It was part of the kingdom of Surasena, a prominent polit...

Metz

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-8th c.CE

Metz, located at the confluence of the Moselle and Seille rivers in present-day France, was a key city in Austrasia, the northeastern part of the Fran...

Dadu District, Taichung

Country: Taiwan

Region: Asia

Period: 1624-1732

Middag, the capital of the Kingdom of Middag, was a central settlement in 17th-century western Taiwan, located in present-day Taichung. It served as t...

Milan

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 286-402CE, 1395-1796

Capital of the Duchy of Milan, Napoleonic Italy, and later a key industrial and financial center, Milan has played a major role in European history. F...

Nisa (ruins)

Country: Turkmenistan

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 3rd c.BCE-3rd c.CE

Nisa, located near Ashgabat in southern Turkmenistan, is an ancient archaeological site featuring the remains of one of the earliest capitals of the P...

Modena

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1452-1859

Modena was the capital of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, a principality in northern Italy that existed from 1452 to 1859. Governed by the House of Es...

Montgomery

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1861

Montgomery, Alabama, briefly served as the first capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861. Located on the Alabama River, it was a key poli...

Qashliq

Country: Russia

Region: Europa

Period: 15th-16th c.CE

Qashliq was the capital of the Khanate of Sibir, a Turkic state that existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in what is now southwestern Siberia, Russi...

Moscow

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1147-present

Moscow was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval Russian principality that rose to prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries. Strategic...

Armazi (ruins)

Country: Georgia

Region: Europe

Period: 3rd c.BCE-4th c.CE

Mtskheta was the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Iberia (also known as the Kingdom of Kartli), located in present-day Georgia. Founded in antiquity,...

Mujibnagar

Country: Bangladesh

Region: Asia

Period: 1971

Mujibnagar was the provisional capital of Bangladesh during the country's War of Independence in 1971. Located in the Meherpur District, it served as ...

Munich

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1806-1918

Munich, the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria, is located in southern Germany. Founded in the 12th century, it became a cultural and political hub und...

Murcia

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-13th c.CE

Murcia was the capital of the Taifa of Murcia, a Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula during the 11th century. Founded after the collapse of the Ca...

Mycenae

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 1600-1100BCE

Mycenae was a major city-state in ancient Greece, located in the northeastern part of the Peloponnese. It was the capital of the Mycenaean civilizatio...

Myinsaing

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1297-1313

Myinsaing was the capital of the Myinsaing Kingdom, a short-lived Burmese kingdom that existed from the early 14th century to the late 14th century. I...

Mysuru

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1799-1831, 1881-1947

Mysore was the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore, located in southern India. The kingdom, ruled by the Wadiyar dynasty and later by the famous warrior ...

Mystras

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 1349-1460

Mystras was a fortified city in the southeastern Peloponnese, Greece, that served as the capital of the Despotate of the Morea, a successor state of t...

Naas

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 11th c.CE

Naas was an important settlement in the Kingdom of Leinster, located in present-day County Kildare, Ireland. It served as a major political and admini...

Nafplio

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 1828-1834

Nafplio was the capital of the First Hellenic Republic, which was established in 1828 after Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. Locate...

Nagaokakyō

Country: Japan

Region: Asia

Period: 784-794

Nagaoka-kyō was the capital of Japan for a brief period from 784 to 794 CE, during the early Heian period. Located near present-day Kyoto, it was esta...

Tell Brak

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 2000-1500BCE

Tell Brak, identified with ancient Nagar, was a major city in northeastern Syria, dating back to the 6th millennium BCE. It became one of the earliest...

Nancy

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1477-1766

Nancy is a historic city in northeastern France, renowned for its 18th-century architecture. Famous for its splendid squares, like Place Stanislas, th...

Nanjing

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 1368-1421, 1927-1949

Nanjing, located in eastern China, served as the capital of both the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the early Republic of China. The city is renowned fo...

Nantes

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-16th c.CE

Nantes, on the Loire River in western France, is known for its maritime history and vibrant cultural life. The city features historical sites like the...

Nafpaktos

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Naupactus, an ancient Greek city located on the northern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, was part of the Kingdom of Locria. The city was strategically s...

Naxos

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 1207-1566

Naxos, the largest island in the Cyclades archipelago, was once the capital of the Duchy of the Archipelago, a maritime state established by the Venet...

Ypati

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-14th c.CE

Neopatras, located in central Greece, was the capital of the Duchy of Neopatras, a small medieval principality established by the Franks following the...

Simferopol

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 300 BE, 1784-1850

Neapolis, an ancient city located on the northern shores of the Black Sea, was part of the Tribal Kingdom of Scythia, a nomadic civilization that domi...

New York City

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1785-1790

New York City, often simply called New York, is the largest city in the United States, located in the state of New York. It is known for its iconic sk...

Qantir (Ruins)

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 13th c.BCE

Pi-Ramesses, located in modern-day Qantir, Egypt, was the capital of the Egyptian Empire during the 19th Dynasty under Pharaoh Ramesses II (c. 1279–12...

İznik

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 1204-1261

Nicaea (modern İznik, Turkey), located in northwestern Anatolia, was a significant city in both the Byzantine and later Ottoman Empires. Surrounded by...

Trondheim

Country: Norway

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 997-1217

Nidaros, now known as Trondheim, is a historic city in central Norway. It was once the capital of the Kingdom of Norway during the Viking Age and the ...

Nikopol

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Nikopol was an important medieval city located on the banks of the Danube River in present-day northern Bulgaria. It was part of the Second Bulgarian ...

Mosul

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 12th c.CE

Nineveh, located near the modern city of Mosul in northern Iraq, was the capital of the ancient Assyrian Empire, one of the most powerful empires in t...

Nishapur

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 9th-10th c.CE

Nishapur, located in northeastern Iran, was a prominent city during the reign of the Tahirid dynasty (9th century). It served as the capital of the Ta...

Oldenburg

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1774-1918

Oldenburg, situated in northwestern Germany, was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. With medieval origins, it developed into a political and...

Nizhny Novgorod

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1341-1418

Nizhny Novgorod, located at the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers in Russia, was the capital of the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal, one o...

Noli

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1192-1797

Noli is a historic town on the Ligurian coast of Italy, known for being the capital of the Republic of Noli, an independent maritime republic from the...

Veliky Novgorod

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-15th c.CE

Novgorod was a major political and cultural center in Kievan Rus' (879–1240) and later became the capital of the Novgorod Republic (1136–1478), a powe...

Okiato

Country: New Zealand

Region: Oceania

Period: 1840-1841

Okiato, also known as Old Russell, was the first capital of the Colony of New Zealand, chosen in 1840 by Lieutenant Governor William Hobson. Located i...

Old Road Town

Country: Saint Kitts and Nevis

Region: North America

Period: 17th c.CE

Old Road Town, located on the west coast of Saint Kitts, is the oldest British settlement in the Eastern Caribbean. Founded in 1624 by Sir Thomas Warn...

Orthez

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-15th c.CE

Orthez (Ortès in Occitan) was one of the principal seats of the Viscounty of Béarn in southwestern France during the Middle Ages. From the 13th to the...

Oslo

Country: Norway

Region: Europe

Period: 1299-present

Oslo, located at the head of the Oslofjord, traces its early roots to the Viking Age and was part of the Kingdom of Viken—a Norse petty kingdom encomp...

Otjimbingwe

Country: Namibia

Region: Africa

Period: 1863-1890

Otjimbingwe, located in central Namibia, served as the administrative capital of German South-West Africa from 1864 to 1890. Positioned along the Swak...

Oviedo

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 8th-10th c.CE

Oviedo, located in northern Spain, was the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias during the 8th and 9th centuries. Situated in a mountainous region, it w...

Padmanabhapuram

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 18th c.CE

Padmanabhapuram, located in the present-day Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, was the capital of the Kingdom of Travancore from the 16th century unt...

Pella (Ruins)

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 4th c.BCE

Pella was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Macedon, located in northern Greece, near the Aegean Sea. It became prominent under the rule of King A...

Bagan

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 9th-13th c.CE

Pagan, located in modern-day Myanmar, was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom from the 9th to the 13th century. Situated along the Irrawaddy River, Pagan...

Palermo

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 831-1091, 1130-1816

Palermo, located on the northern coast of Sicily, became a vibrant Mediterranean hub under Arab, Norman, and later Hohenstaufen rule. It was the capit...

Palma de Mallorca

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 1276-1344

Palma, located on the island of Majorca in the Balearic Islands, was the capital of the Kingdom of Majorca, a medieval kingdom that existed from 1276 ...

Paraná

Country: Argentina

Region: South America

Period: 1854-1861

Paraná, located in northeastern Argentina along the banks of the Paraná River, was the capital of the Argentine Confederation from 1853 to 1862. The c...

Mahasthangarh

Country: Bangladesh

Region: Asia

Period: 3rd c.BCE

"Mahasthangarh is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Bangladesh, located near Bogura in the northwestern part of the country. The name means ""...

Parma

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1545-1859

Parma, located in northern Italy, was the capital of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a state that existed from the 16th to the 19th century. Known fo...

Pasargadae (Ruins)

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 546-330BCE

Pasargadae, located in modern-day Iran, was the first capital of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE. Sit...

Gelemiş

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 300BCE

Patara was an ancient city located on the southwestern coast of Turkey, in the region historically known as Lycia. It served as one of the most import...

Pau

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 16th-17th c.CE

Today, Pau retains much of its historic charm, particularly in its old town and the Château de Pau, which has been preserved as a museum. The castle h...

Sumur

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: 2000BCE-1200BCE

Sumur, located in modern-day Syria, was once the capital of the Amurru Kingdom, an ancient Semitic-speaking state that existed from around 2000 BCE to...

Bago

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 14th-16th c.CE

Pegu (modern-day Bago, Myanmar) was the capital of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom and later a prominent city in the Toungoo dynasty. Situated along the Sitta...

Buyeo

Country: South Korea

Region: Asia

Period: 538-660CE

Buyeo, located in South Chungcheong Provincein South Korea, is a city rich in historical heritage and cultural significance. It was the capital of the...

Bergama

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 3rd-2nd c.BCE

Pergamene was the capital of the Kingdom of Mysia, an ancient kingdom in northwestern Anatolia, located in modern-day Turkey. The city of Pergamon (of...

Cherdyn

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 15th-16th c.CE

Perm was the center of the Principality of Great Perm, a historical region located in the northern Ural Mountains, in modern-day Russia. The principal...

Perquenco

Country: Chile

Region: South America

Period: 1860-1862

Perquenco was a settlement in the Araucanía and Patagonia region, part of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia. This kingdom, founded by the French ...

Persepolis (Ruins)

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 6th-4th c.BCE

Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty, located in modern-day Iran, near Shiraz. Founded by King Dar...

Pesaro

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 15th-16th c.CE

Pesaro was an important city in the Duchy of Urbino, located on the Adriatic coast of central Italy. It was a prominent urban center under the rule of...

Saint Petersburg

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1712-1918

"Petrograd, originally called Saint Petersburg, was the capital of the Russian Empire from 1712 until 1918. Founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703 on...

Philadelphia

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1790-1800

Philadelphia, located in present-day Pennsylvania, served as the capital of the United States of America from 1790 to 1800, before Washington, D.C. It...

M'banza-Kongo

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 14th-17th c.CE

M'banza-Kongo, now known as São Salvador, is a city located in the northern part of Angola. It served as the capitalof the powerful Kingdom of Kongo f...

Wiryeseong

Country: South Korea

Region: Asia

Period: 6th-7th c.CE

Wiryeseong is an ancient city located in Seoul's Songpa District, South Korea. It was once the capital of the Baekje Kingdom, one of the Three Kingdom...

Phnom Penh

Country: Cambodia

Region: Asia

Period: 1372-present

Phnom Penh, now the capital of Cambodia, became the capital of Colonial Cambodia under French Indochina in 1866. Chosen for its strategic location at ...

Finiq

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 3rd-2nd c.BCE

Phoenice was an ancient city located in modern-day southern Albania, serving as the political and cultural capital of the Kingdom of Epirus during the...

Jabiyah

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: 7th c.CE

Jabiyah, located in northwestern Syria, was the capital of the Ghassanid Kingdom during the 7th century CE. The Ghassanids were a Christian Arab tribe...

Piacenza

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 16th-19th c.CE

Piacenza is a historic city in northern Italy, situated along the Po River. During the Duchy of Parma, it served as a key administrative and economic ...

Piratini

Country: Brazil

Region: South America

Period: 1836-1839CE

Piratini was a significant region in southern Brazil, part of the territory of the Riograndense Republic (1836-1845), a short-lived state that declare...

Rawalpindi

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1959-1967CE

Rawalpindi, often known as Pindi, is a bustling city in the Punjab region of Pakistan, located near the capital Islamabad. Rawalpindi served as the te...

Pinya

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1490-1686CE

Pinya was the capital of the Pinya Kingdom, which emerged in the early 14th century in central Burma (modern-day Myanmar). It was founded by King Kyas...

Pisa

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-15th c.CE

Pisa was a powerful maritime republic in medieval Italy, best known for its role as a significant trading and naval force during the Middle Ages. Situ...

Pliska

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 681-893CE

Pliska was the first capital of the First Bulgarian Empire, established in the late 7th century by Khan Asparuh. Located in northeastern Bulgaria, nea...

Płock

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 1079-1138CE

Płock was the capital of Masovia under Miecław (1037–1047), a short-lived independent state during Poland’s early fragmentation. It later became the d...

Plovdiv

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 1878-1885CE

Plovdiv, one of the oldest cities in Europe, was part of Eastern Rumelia following the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, which established it as an autonomous...

Polonnaruwa

Country: Sri Lanka

Region: Asia

Period: 1070-1232CE

Polonnaruwa was the capital of the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, which flourished from the 11th to the 13th centuries in Sri Lanka. Located in the island's ...

Polotsk

Country: Belarus

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-13th c.CE

Polotak (modern-day Polotsk) was the capital of the Principality of Polotsk, one of the oldest and most significant Slavic principalities in the Easte...

Port of Spain

Country: Trinidad and Tobago

Region: South America

Period: 1757-present

Port of Spain, the vibrant capital of Trinidad and Tobago, lies on the northwest coast of Trinidad. It’s known for its dynamic culture, colonial charm...

Porto Torres

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1st c.BCE-3rd c.CE

Porto Torres is a picturesque coastal town in northern Sardinia, Italy, known for its crystal-clear waters, historic charm, and ferry connections to m...

Paithan

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 2ndBCE-3rd c.CE

Paithan, located on the banks of the Godavari River in Maharashtra, India, is an ancient city with a rich historical legacy. Once the capital of the S...

Poznań

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-11th c.CE

Poznań, located in western Poland on the Warta River, is one of the country’s oldest and most vibrant cities. Known for its dynamic cultural scene, un...

Bratislava

Country: Slovakia

Region: Europe

Period: 1939-1945, 1993-present

Bratislava, nestled along the Danube River and at the crossroads of Slovakia, Austria, and Hungary, is the charming and compact capital of Slovakia. K...

Prague

Country: Czech Republic

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE, 1993-present

"Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, is a stunning city with a rich history and architectural beauty. Known as the ""City of a Hundred Spires,"...

Jalandhar

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1000BCE-1200CE

Jalandhar, located in the northwestern state of Punjab, India, is a city with a deep-rooted historical and cultural legacy. Known today as a bustling ...

Pravia

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 774-791CE

Pravia is a charming town located in the autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. Nestled between rolling green hills and the Nalón River,...

Phitsanulok

Country: Thailand

Region: Asia

Period: 15th c.CE

Phitsanulok, Thailand...

Veliki Preslav

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 893-972CE

"Veliki Preslav is a historic town in northeastern Bulgaria, located at the foot of the Balkan Mountains in the Shumen Province. Though now a quiet se...

Prilep

Country: North Macedonia

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Prilep is a historic city in southern North Macedonia, located at the foot of the Baba Mountain range. Known for its dramatic rocky landscapes and tob...

Prizren

Country: Kosovo

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Prizren is a picturesque city in southern Kosovo, nestled in the Shar Mountains and bisected by the Bistrica River. Known for its rich multicultural h...

Puka Pukara

Country: Peru

Region: South America

Period: 15th-16th c.CE

"Puka Pukara, meaning ""Red Fortress"" in Quechua, is an ancient Inca archaeological site located near Cusco, Peru. Positioned on a hill overlooking t...

Pune

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 18th c.CE

Pune, located in the western Indian state of Maharashtra, is a vibrant and cosmopolitan city nestled at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. K...

Pyongyang

Country: North Korea

Region: Asia

Period: 1948-present

Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, is a city characterized by grand monuments, vast boulevards, and a unique architectural aesthetic shaped by Juc...

Qal'at al-Bahrain

Country: Bahrain

Region: Middle East

Period: 3rd millenniumBCE

Qal'at al-Bahrain, also known as the Bahrain Fort, is an archaeological site located on the northern coast of Bahrain, near Manama. Once a thriving ha...

Qal'at Bani Hammad

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1007-1090CE

Qal'at Bani Hammad, located in the mountainous region of northeastern Algeria, was the capital of the Hammadid dynasty, which ruled from 1007 to 1090 ...

Igboho

Country: Nigeria

Region: Africa

Period: 17th c.CE

Igboho, located in Oyo State, Nigeria, was historically the capital of the Oyo Empire in the 17th century. This vibrant town played a central role in ...

Qazvin

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 1548-1598

Qazvin, located in the northwestern part of Iran, is a historic city with deep roots in Persian culture. Once the capital of the Safavid dynasty from ...

Quetzaltenango

Country: Guatemala

Region: North America

Period: 1838-1840

Quetzaltenango, also known as Xela, is the second-largest city in Guatemala, located in the highlands near the slopes of the Santa Maria Volcano. With...

Quezon City

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1948-1976

Quezon City is a bustling metropolis located in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. Established in 1939, it was designated as the capital ...

Ravenna

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 402-476CE

Ravenna, a city in northeastern Italy, is renowned for its exceptional historical and cultural heritage. Once the capital of the Western Roman Empire ...

Qufu

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 11th-3rd c.BCE

Qufu is a historic city located in Shandong Province, China, renowned as the birthplace of Confucius, one of China’s most influential philosophers. As...

Rabat

Country: Morocco

Region: Africa

Period: 1912-present

Rabat, the capital of Morocco, is a vibrant city located along the Atlantic Ocean on the country's western coast. Known for its combination of moderni...

Dubrovnik

Country: Croatia

Region: Europe

Period: 1358-1808CE

Dubrovnik, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a stunning coastal city located on the Adriatic Sea in southern Croatia. Known for its well-preserved medi...

Rajgir

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 6th c.BCE

Rajgir, located in the state of Bihar, India, is an ancient city surrounded by hills and natural beauty. Known for its historical importance, it was t...

Rajahmundry

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 7th-12th c.CE

"Rajahmundry, located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, is a historic city situated on the banks of the Godavari River. It is often referred to as the "...

Yangon

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1885-2006CE

Yangon, formerly known as Rangoon, is Myanmar's largest city and a prominent cultural and economic hub. Located in the southern part of the country, i...

Stari Ras

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-13th c.CE

Stari Ras, located in southern Serbia, is an ancient settlement with a rich history dating back to the 9th–13th centuries. As the capital of the Serbi...

Rathfriland

Country: Northern Ireland, UK

Region: Europe

Period: 16th-17th c.CE

Rathfriland is a charming market town located in County Down, Northern Ireland. Nestled in the foothills of the Mourne Mountains, the town offers pict...

Kalâa of Ait Abbas

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1510-1872

The Kalâa of Ait Abbas, nestled in the Bibans Mountains of northeastern Algeria, was the fortified capital of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas in the 16th–17...

Regensburg

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-13th c.CE

Regensburg is a charming city in southeastern Germany, located on the Danube River. As the capital of the Duchy of Bavaria from the 6th to 13th centur...

Reims

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-19th c.CE

Reims is a historic city located in the Champagneregion of northeastern France. Famous for its stunning architecture and rich cultural heritage, Reims...

Rennes

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-16th c.CE

Rennes is a vibrant city located in the Brittanyregion of western France. Once the capital of the Duchy of Brittany from the 10th to 16th centuries, i...

Ray

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 11th-12th c.CE

Ray, located just south of Tehran in Iran, is an ancient city with a rich and varied history. Known for its strategic location at the crossroads of ma...

Ribeira Grande

Country: Azores

Region: Africa

Period: 16th-19th c.CE

Ribeira Grande is a charming town located on the island of São Miguel, part of the Azores archipelago in Portugal. Situated on the northern coast of S...

Richmond

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1861-1865CE

Richmond, Virginia, is a vibrant city situated on the James River in the southeastern United States. It is a city steeped in history, once serving as ...

Riga

Country: Latvia

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-16th c.CE

Riga, the capital of Latvia, is a vibrant city known for its rich cultural heritage and medieval architecture. It is located on the Gulf of Riga at th...

Rio de Janeiro

Country: Brazil

Region: South America

Period: 1763-1960CE

Rio de Janeiro is one of Brazil’s most iconic cities, known for its breathtaking landscapes, vibrant culture, and historical significance. Located on ...

Roskilde

Country: Denmark

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-15th c.CE

Roskilde is a charming city located on the island of Zealand, just 30 km west of Copenhagen, Denmark’s modern capital. Founded in the 10th century, it...

Rouen

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-13th c.CE

Rouen is a historic city located in northern France, along the banks of the Seine River. Known for its medieval charm, Rouen served as the capital of ...

Ruijin

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 1931-1934CE

Ruijin is a historic city located in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. Known as the capital of the Chinese Soviet Republic from 1931 to 1934, it w...

Ryazan

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-16th c.CE

Ryazan is an ancient city situated on the Oka River in central Russia, around 196 km southeast of Moscow. The city has a rich history that dates back ...

Qalaychi

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 9thBCE-6th c.BCE

Qalaychi, located in northwestern Iran, was the capital of the Mannai State, an ancient kingdom that flourished between the 9th and 6th centuries BCE....

Sagaing

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1315-1364CE

Sagaing, located in central Myanmar along the banks of the Irrawaddy River, is a city with a rich cultural and historical legacy. The city is known fo...

Schwerin

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-20th c.CE

Schwerin is the capital city of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern region in northeastern Germany. Known for its scenic landscapes and rich history, it was th...

Ho Chi Minh City

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 1955-1975CE

Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, is the largest city in Vietnam and serves as the economic and cultural heart of the country. Located in th...

Saint-Louis

Country: Senegal

Region: Africa

Period: 1673-1902CE

Saint-Louis is a historic city located on the northern coast of Senegal, at the mouth of the Senegal River. Founded by the French in 1659 and establis...

Salalah

Country: Oman

Region: Middle East

Period: 19th-20th c.CE

Salalah, located in the Dhofar region of Oman, is known for its unique climate, which contrasts with the rest of the Arabian Peninsula. The city is fa...

Salerno

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-11th c.CE

Salerno is a beautiful coastal city located in the Campaniaregion of southern Italy, along the Tyrrhenian Sea. With its charming old town, vibrant cul...

Salò

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1943-1945CE

Salò is a picturesque town located on the western shore of Lake Garda in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. Known for its stunning lakeside views,...

Solin (ruins)

Country: Croatia

Region: Europe

Period: 925-1102CE

Solin, located near the city of Split in Croatia, is a town rich in history and home to some of the country’s most significant archaeological sites. K...

Salvador

Country: Brazil

Region: South America

Period: 1549-1763CE

Salvador, located in the northeastern part of Brazil, is one of the oldest cities in the Americas. Founded in 1549, it became the first capital of Bra...

Samaria (ancient city)

Country: Palestine

Region: Middle East

Period: 9th-8th c.BCE

Samaria, located in the heart of modern-day Palestine near the West Bank, was once the capital of the Kingdom of Israel during the 9th to 8th centurie...

Samarkand

Country: Uzbekistan

Region: Asia

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

"Samarkand, located in modern-day Uzbekistan, is one of the oldest and most famous cities in the world, rich in history, culture, and architecture. As...

Scone

Country: Scotland (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-15th c.CE

Scone is a small village located near Perth in central Scotland, once known as the capital of ancient Scotland. It holds immense historical importance...

Samarra

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 836-892CE

Samarra, located in Iraq, was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate during the 9th century, under the rule of Caliph al-Mu'tasim. A thriving city of in...

Saint Joseph

Country: Trinidad and Tobago

Region: South America

Period: 1861CE

Saint Joseph, located in Trinidad, was once the capital of Spanish Trinidad in the 19th century. A charming town nestled at the foot of the Northern R...

San Martín del Rey Aurelio

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 19th c.CE

San Martín del Rey Aurelio is a town located in the central part of Asturias, Spain. Once the capital of the Asturiasregion in the 19th century, it is...

Shangjing Longquanfu

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 10th-12th c.CE

Shangjing Longquanfu was the capital of the Liao Dynasty (907–1125 CE), located in present-day Inner Mongolia, China. The city was a hub of political,...

Cagliari

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-19th c.CE

Cagliari is the capital city of Sardinia, Italy, located on the island’s southern coast. Known for its rich history and stunning Mediterranean views, ...

Santiago de Rubiás

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-12th c.CE

Santiago de Rubiás is a small locality in the province of Galiciain northwestern Spain, situated near the larger city of Santiago de Compostela. Thoug...

Santiago de Cuba

Country: Cuba

Region: North America

Period: 1515-1553CE

Santiago de Cuba is one of Cuba's most historically rich cities, located on the island's southeastern coast. Founded in 1515 by the Spanish conquistad...

Thọ Xuân

Country: Vietnam

Region: Asia

Period: 10th-11th c.CE

Thọ Xuân is a peaceful town located in the northern region of Vietnam, in the Thanh Hóa province, surrounded by lush landscapes and rich cultural heri...

Sari

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 10th-11th c.CE

Sari is an ancient city located in the Mazandaran Provinceof northern Iran, nestled between the Alborz Mountainsand the Caspian Sea. Once the capital ...

Sarpsborg

Country: Norway

Region: Europe

Period: 1016-1030CE

Sarpsborg is a historic city located in eastern Norway, near the Swedish borderand along the Glomma River. It was once the capital of Norway during th...

Sassari

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-14th c.CE

Sassari, located in the northern part of Sardinia, is the second-largest city on the island, known for its vibrant culture and history. During the 13t...

Sardis

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 7th-6th c.BCE

Sart, modern-day Sartmustafa, is an ancient city located in western Turkey, within the Manisa Province. It was the capital of the powerful Kingdom of ...

Site of Seleucia

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 4th-2nd c.BCE

Seleucia was an ancient city located near the Tigris River in modern-day Iraq, serving as the capital of the Seleucid Empirefrom the 4th to the 2nd ce...

Semey

Country: Kazakhstan

Region: Asia

Period: 1917-1920

Semey, previously known as Semipalatinsk, is a historic city located in northeastern Kazakhstan, along the Irtysh River. It served as the capital of t...

Gyeongju

Country: South Korea

Region: Asia

Period: 57BCE-935CE

Gyeongju, often referred to as the “museum without walls,” is a city in South Korea located in the southeastern part of the country. For almost a mill...

Serpukhov

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

Serpukhov, a historic city located 99 kilometers south of Moscow, has a rich heritage dating back to the 14th century. It was once the capital of the ...

Seville

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-13th c.CE

Seville, located in southern Spain, is a city rich in cultural heritage and architectural wonders. As the capital of the Almohad Caliphate during the ...

Shangqiu

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 16th-11th c.BCE

Shangqiu, located in Henan Province, is a historic city in central China that served as the capital of the Shang Dynasty (16th–11th centuries BCE). As...

Nablus

Country: Palestine

Region: Middle East

Period: 12th c.CE

Nablus is a historic city located in the northern West Bank, Palestine. It was an important center during the Crusader period, serving as the capital ...

Shiraz

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 18th c.CE

Shiraz is a historical city in southern Iran, known for its cultural, literary, and architectural significance. Once the capital of the Zand Dynasty i...

Shou County

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 8th-3rd c.BCE

Shou County, located in the eastern part of Anhui Province, China, is an area rich in history and culture. Once the capital of the ancient State of Ch...

Aetos

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 1453-1454

Aetos, located on the Achaean Gulf in Greece, was the brief capital of the Principality of Achaea in the mid-15th century. Aetos is a small, picturesq...

Shwebo

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 1752-1760CE

Shwebo, located in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, is a city steeped in rich history, renowned as the capital of the Konbaung Dynasty from 1752 to 1760...

Sidon

Country: Lebanon

Region: Middle East

Period: 12th-9th c.BCE

Sidon, located on the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon, is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a history dating back over 4,000 years. Once a po...

Siena

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-16th c.CE

Siena, nestled in the rolling hills of Tuscany, Italy, is a picturesque medieval city renowned for its art, cuisine, and stunning Gothic architecture....

Oudong

Country: Cambodia

Region: Asia

Period: 1618-1866

Oudong, located in central Cambodia, served as the capital of the Khmer Empire from the early 17th century until 1866. Situated on a hill with panoram...

Sigtuna

Country: Sweden

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-13th c.CE

Sigtuna, located on the shores of Lake Mälaren just north of Stockholm, is Sweden’s oldest still-inhabited town, founded around 980 CE. This picturesq...

Shimla

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1864-1939CE

Shimla, nestled in the Himalayan foothills of Himachal Pradesh, India, is a charming hill station known for its colonial architecture, cool climate, a...

Siret

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Siret, located in the Suceava County of northeastern Romania, is a small but historically rich town near the border with Ukraine. Nestled along the Si...

Sremska Mitrovica

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 3rd-4th c.CE

Sremska Mitrovica, located in the fertile plains of the Srem region in northern Serbia, is a town with an extraordinary Roman legacy. Known in antiqui...

Shkodër

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

Shkodër, located in northwestern Albania near the shores of Lake Shkodër and the foothills of the Albanian Alps, is one of the country’s oldest and mo...

Skopje

Country: North Macedonia

Region: Europe

Period: 1991-present

Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, is a dynamic city that straddles the Vardar River, blending ancient history with bold modern development. Surr...

Smederevo

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 1430-1459

Smederevo is a picturesque town located on the banks of the Danube River in central Serbia, just 45 km from Belgrade. Known for its strategic position...

Smolensk

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 12th c.-early 18th c.

Smolensk, located in western Russia near the Dnieper River, is one of the country’s oldest and most storied cities, with roots tracing back over a mil...

Soissons

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-6th c.CE

Soissons is a historic town located in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France, nestled along the Aisne River. Known as one of the oldest towns ...

Soltaniyeh

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 14th c.CE

Soltaniyeh is a historic town located in northwestern Iran, in the Zanjan province, surrounded by scenic mountainous landscapes. It once served as the...

Sonargaon Upazila

Country: Bangladesh

Region: Asia

Period: 14th-16th c.CE

Sonargaon Upazila, located in the central region of Bangladesh, near the banks of the Padma River, is one of the country’s most historically significa...

Sorrento

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 840-1137

Sorrento, located on the stunning Amalfi Coast in southern Italy, is a picturesque town overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea. Known for its dramatic cliffs,...

Spanish Town

Country: Jamaica

Region: North America

Period: 1534-1872

Spanish Town, located in southern Jamaica, is a town rich in history and cultural heritage. As the second-largest city in Jamaica, it was once the cap...

Sparta

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 8th c.BCE-2nd c.BCE

Sparta, located in the Laconia region of the Peloponnese in southern Greece, was one of the most powerful city-states of ancient Greece. Known for its...

Srey Sarchor

Country: Cambodia

Region: Asia

Period: 1594-1620

Srey Sarchor, located in modern-day Cambodia, was the capital during the post-Angkor period from 1594 to 1620. This period was marked by political ins...

St. George's

Country: Bermuda

Region: North America

Period: 1810-present

St. George's is the capital of Grenada, an island nation in the Caribbean, and it is known for its charming colonial-era architecture, vibrant culture...

St. John's

Country: Antigua and Barbuda

Region: North America

Period: 1981-present

St. John's is the lively capital of Antigua and Barbuda, located on the northwest coast of Antigua. The city blends a rich colonial past with a vibran...

Ivano-Frankivsk

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1772-1918

Ivano-Frankivsk, located in western Ukraine, is a vibrant city known for its rich history, picturesque streets, and proximity to the Carpathian Mounta...

Staryi Krym 

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

Staryi Krym, located in the southern part of Crimea, Ukraine, is a historic town with deep roots in the region’s medieval past. Once the capital of th...

Szczecin

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 11th c.CE-17th c.CE

Szczecin, located in northwest Poland, is a port city on the Oder River with a rich history dating back to the medieval period. Once the capital of th...

Neustrelitz

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1701-1918

Neustrelitz, located in northeastern Germany, was the capital of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1701 to 1918. A charming town with scenic lake...

Stuttgart

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 1806-1918

Stuttgart, located in southwestern Germany, is a dynamic city renowned for its automotive industry, cultural attractions, and rich history. As the cap...

Suceava

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.-18th c.CE

Suceava, located in the northeastern part of Romania, is a charming city with a rich cultural and historical heritage. It served as the capital of the...

Sukhothai

Country: Thailand

Region: Asia

Period: 1238-1438

Sukhothai, located in central Thailand, is an ancient city known as the first capital of the Sukhothai Kingdomfrom 1238 to 1438. The city is celebrate...

Kairouan (Ruins)

Country: Tunisia

Region: Africa

Period: 800-909CE

The ruins near Kairouan, located in Tunisia, are remnants of the early Fatimid Caliphate, which ruled from 800 to 909 CE. These ruins offer insight in...

Shush

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 4395-4200BCE

Shush, located in modern-day southwestern Iran, was the ancient capital of the Elamite Kingdom, one of the earliest civilizations in the Near East. Da...

Syracuse

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 5th c. BC-5th c. AD

Syracuse, located on the southeastern coast of the island of Sicily, is a city rich in ancient history and culture. Once the capital of the Kingdom of...

Székesfehérvár

Country: Hungary

Region: Europe

Period: 1000-1241

Székesfehérvár, located in central Hungary, was the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1241, before the Mongol invasion forced its decline...

Tabriz

Country: Iran

Region: Middle East

Period: 16th c.-17th c.CE

Tabriz, located in northwestern Iran, is a city with a rich history and cultural heritage. It was the capital of the Safavid Empire during the 16th an...

Tacna

Country: Peru

Region: South America

Period: 1880-1884

Tacna, located in southern Peru near the Chilean border, is a vibrant city with a rich cultural and historical heritage. During the Pacific War (1879–...

Taganrog

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 1775-1826

Taganrog, located on the Sea of Azov in southern Russia, is a city with deep historical and cultural roots. It was founded in 1698 by Peter the Great ...

Konye-Urgench

Country: Turkmenistan

Region: Asia

Period: 12th-13th c.CE

Konye-Urgench, located in modern-day Turkmenistan, was a prominent city under both the Seljuq and Khwarezmid dynasties. Flourishing from the 11th to 1...

Tagdemt

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1835-1847

Tagdemt is a historic town in northern Algeria, located in the Mascara region. The city served as the capital of the Emirate of Mascara from 1835 to 1...

Tiaret

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 761-909

Tiaret is a city located in northwestern Algeria, in the Tell Atlas mountain range. It is known for its rich history, particularly as the capital of t...

Tainan

Country: Taiwan

Region: Asia

Period: 1662-1683

Tainan, located in the southwestern part of Taiwan, is the island's oldest city and was the capital of the Kingdom of Tungning from 1662 to 1683. Foun...

Tamworth

Country: England, United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 7th c.-9th c.CE

Tamworth, located in Staffordshire, England, is a historic town that was once the capital of the Kingdom of Mercia from the 7th to 9th centuries. It i...

Taiyuan

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 4th c.-6th c.CE

Taiyuan, located in northern China, is the capital of Shanxi Province and was historically the capital of the Jin Dynasty (4th–6th century). Known for...

Târgoviște

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-17th c.CE

Târgoviște is a historic city located in southern Romania, in the Dâmbovița County. It served as the capital of Wallachia from the 14th to 17th centur...

Veliko Tarnovo

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 1185-1393

Veliko Tarnovo, located in central Bulgaria, is one of the country's most historically significant cities. It was the capital of the Second Bulgarian ...

Tel Aviv

Country: Israel

Region: Middle East

Period: 1920-1948

Tel Aviv, located along the Mediterranean coastline in Israel, is a vibrant, modern city known for its dynamic culture, nightlife, and tech-driven eco...

Ternopil

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 1772-1918

Ternopil, located in western Ukraine, is a charming city known for its beautiful landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture. It sits along the bank...

Thanjavur

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 9th-13th c.CE

Thanjavur, located in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India, is a city with a rich cultural and historical heritage. It served as the capital of t...

Tharros (Ruins)

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1060-1070

Tharros, located on the western coast of Sardinia, Italy, is the site of ancient ruins that were once the capital of the Kingdom of Arborea during the...

The Hague

Country: Netherlands

Region: Europe

Period: 1579-1795

The Hague, located on the western coast of the Netherlands, is a vibrant city that combines rich history with modern charm. As the capital of the Dutc...

Luxor

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 1550-1070BCE

Luxor, located on the east bank of the Nile River in southern Egypt, is a city steeped in ancient history. Known as the capital of Ancient Egypt durin...

Thessaloniki

Country: Greece

Region: Europe

Period: 2nd c.BCE-1912

Thessaloniki, Greece’s second-largest city, sits on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea. Known for its strategic location, it has been a major cultur...

Thinis

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: ~1100BCE–~500BCE

Thinis was the capital of Ancient Egypt during the early period of the Early Dynastic Era, around 3400 BCE to c. 3150 BCE. Located near the Nile River...

Tinmel (Ruins)

Country: Morocco

Region: Africa

Period: 12th c.CE

Tinmel, located in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco, is a historical site and the former capital of the Almohad Caliphate during the 12th century. ...

Tlemcen

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 13th c.-16th c.CE

Tlemcen, located in northwestern Algeria, is a city with a rich history that dates back to ancient times. It became the capital of the Kingdom of Tlem...

Toledo

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 6th c.-1085

Toledo, a city in central Spain, is known for its rich cultural heritage and stunning medieval architecture. Sitting atop a hill on the banks of the T...

Toruń

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.-15th c.CE

Toruń, located in northern Poland along the Vistula River, is a city steeped in medieval charm and renowned for its Gothic architecture. Famous for be...

Mikulčice (ruins)

Country: Czech Republic

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.CE

Mikulčice, a small village located in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic, is home to the impressive ruins of what was once the capital of Gre...

Toulouse

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-14th c.CE

"Toulouse, located in the southwest of France, is a vibrant city known for its stunning pink-hued buildings and rich history. Known as the ""Ville Ros...

Taungoo

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 16th c.-18th c.CE

Taungoo, a city located in the central part of Myanmar, is known for its historical importance as the capital of the Taungoo Dynasty, which ruled from...

Tournai

Country: Belgium

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-14th c.CE

Tournai, located in the Wallonia region of Belgium, is one of the oldest cities in the country, with a history that stretches back to Roman times. It ...

Tours

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 5th-9th c.CE

Tours, located in central France on the banks of the Loire River, is a city steeped in history and beauty. Known for its medieval charm, picturesque s...

Trakai

Country: Lithuania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-16th c.CE

Trakai, located in central Lithuania, is a picturesque town set on a series of islands in Lake Galvė. Known for its striking medieval architecture and...

Trieste

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 18th c.CE-1918

Trieste, located on the northeastern coast of Italy along the Adriatic Sea, is a city with a rich history and diverse cultural heritage. Known for its...

Thiruvananthapuram

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 1729-1947

Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, is a vibrant city with a rich cultural heritage and stunning natural beauty. Known for its lush greenery, t...

Troyes

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1417

"Troyes, a charming medieval city located in the Champagne region of France, is known for its half-timbered houses, cobbled streets, and well-preserve...

Morlaàs

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-12th c.CE

Morlaàs was a locality within the Viscounty of Béarn, a semi-independent feudal territory in southwestern France during the Middle Ages. Situated in t...

Tulagi

Country: Solomon Islands

Region: Oceania

Period: 1942-1943

Tulagi, a small island in the Solomon Islands, was once the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate from 1942 to 1943. Located in the Cent...

Turin

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 1563-1865

Turin, located in the northwest of Italy, is a city renowned for its rich history, stunning architecture, and elegant atmosphere. As the capital of th...

Turku

Country: Finland

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-19th c.CE

Turku, located on the southwest coast of Finland, is one of the oldest cities in the country, with a history dating back to the medieval period. As th...

Tyana

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 800BCE

Tyana, located in modern-day Turkey, was once a major city of the Neo-Hittite Kingdom, which thrived around 800 BCE. Situated near the present-day tow...

Tver

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

Tver, located on the Volga River in western Russia, is an ancient city known for its rich history and beautiful riverside landscapes. Once the capital...

Dungannon

Country: Northern Ireland, UK

Region: Europe

Period: 5th c.-1607

Dungannon, located in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, is a charming town with a rich history that dates back to the 5th century. It was once the capi...

Ras Shamra

Country: Syria

Region: Middle East

Period: 1500-1200BCE

Ras Shamra, located on the Mediterranean coast of Syria, is the site of the ancient city of Ugarit, which was a thriving port city around 1500–1200 BC...

Ujjain

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 700BCE-~ 300BCE

Ujjain, located in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, is one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) of Hinduism. It was the capital of the a...

Gongju

Country: South Korea

Region: Asia

Period: 475-538 BC

Gongju, located in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea, is a city steeped in history, best known for being the capital of the Baekje Kingdom from ...

Uppsala

Country: Sweden

Region: Europe

Period: 10th c.-13th c.CE

Uppsala, located in central Sweden, is one of the country's oldest and most important cities. As the capital of the Kingdom of Sweden from the 10th to...

Tiruchirapalli

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 9th-13th c.CE

Tiruchirapalli, often referred to as Trichy, is a historic city located in Tamil Nadu, India. Known for its ancient temples, vibrant culture, and beau...

Urbino

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-17th c.CE

Urbino, located in the Marche region of central Italy, is a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its well-preserved Renaissance architecture and ch...

Warka (Ruins)

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: ~ 2900-2700BCE

Warka, known in antiquity as Uruk, is one of the oldest and most significant archaeological sites in the world. Located in present-day southern Iraq, ...

Utrecht

Country: Netherlands

Region: Europe

Period: 1808

Utrecht is a charming and historic city located in the heart of the Netherlands. Known for its medieval architecture, winding canals with wharf cellar...

Vaasa

Country: Finland

Region: Europe

Period: 1809-1917

Vaasa is a vibrant coastal city in western Finland, known for its Swedish-speaking heritage, neoclassical architecture, and proximity to the stunning ...

Vaishali

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: 6th c.BCE

Vaishali is a small village located in the Bihar state of India, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It was once the capital of the Vais...

Valencia

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.-18th c.CE

Valencia, a beautiful port city on Spain’s eastern coast, is known for its stunning blend of historical architecture and modern innovation. The city e...

Valga

Country: Estonia

Region: Europe

Period: 1435-1526

Valga is a small town located in southern Estonia, bordering Latvia. Known for its picturesque setting along the Pedeli River, Valga is a place rich i...

Valladolid

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 15th-16th c.CE

Valladolid is a historic city located in the heart of Spain, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Known for its rich cultural and artistic...

Vlorë

Country: Albania

Region: Europe

Period: 1346-1417, 1914

Vlorë is a coastal city located in southwestern Albania, known for its stunning natural beauty and vibrant cultural history. Positioned on the shores ...

Van

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 9th c.BCE-6th c.BCE

Van is a scenic city located in eastern Turkey, nestled beside the vast Lake Van. Known for its stunning natural beauty, Van has a rich history dating...

Vannes

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-15th c.CE

Vannes is a charming medieval town located in the region of Brittany, on the Gulf of Morbihan in northwest France. Known for its picturesque cobblesto...

Varaždin

Country: Croatia

Region: Europe

Period: 18th c.-1918

Varaždin is a picturesque city in northern Croatia, renowned for its well-preserved baroque architecture, beautiful parks, and rich cultural heritage....

Velasco

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1836

Velasco is a small, historic community located near the mouth of the Brazos River in southeastern Texas. Although it is no longer a bustling town, Vel...

Venice

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 697-1797

Venice, located in northeastern Italy, is a unique and world-renowned city built on a series of islands in the Venetian Lagoon. Known for its canals, ...

Versailles

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1682-1789

Versailles is a historic city located just outside Paris, renowned for its stunning palace, gardens, and grandeur. It became the capital of the Kingdo...

Vichy

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 1940-1944

Vichy is a city in central France, famous for its historic spas and beautiful parks, located along the Allier River. While known for its luxurious the...

Vidin

Country: Bulgaria

Region: Europe

Period: 15th-19th c.CE

Vidin is a picturesque city located on the banks of the Danube River in northwestern Bulgaria. Known for its charming, small-town atmosphere and sceni...

Vladimir

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-12th c.CE

Vladimir, located on the Klyazma River in central Russia, is a city with rich historical and cultural heritage. Once the capital of the Grand Duchy of...

Vienna

Country: Austria

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.-1918

Vienna, the capital of Austria, is a city steeped in imperial grandeur, renowned for its classical music, stunning architecture, and rich cultural her...

Vientiane

Country: Laos

Region: Asia

Period: 19th-20th c.CE

Vientiane, the capital of Laos, is a charming city located along the banks of the Mekong River. Known for its relaxed pace of life, the city blends tr...

Vilnius

Country: Lithuania

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE-1795, 1918-1940

Vilnius is the vibrant capital of Lithuania, situated on the banks of the Neris River. Known for its picturesque old town, rich history, and stunning ...

Bairat

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 1400BCE-~ 350BCE

Bairat is an ancient village located in the Alwar district of Rajasthan, India. Nestled in the Aravalli hills, Bairat is historically significant for ...

Visoko

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE

Visoko is a historic town in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located along the Fojnica River. Known for its medieval heritage and scenic views of the ...

Volodymyr

Country: Ukraine

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-12th c.CE

Volodymyr, located on the banks of the Western Bug River in Ukraine, is a city with a rich history dating back to the 10th century. Once the capital o...

Carhaix-Plouguer

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 9th-12th c.CE

Carhaix-Plouguer is a small town located in the Finistère department in Brittany, northwestern France. Nestled in the scenic Arée Mountains, it is a p...

Aror

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 1000BCE-~ 518BCE

Aror is an ancient archaeological site located in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near the Indus River. Once the capital of the Sindhu-Sauvīra region,...

Waikīkī

Country: Hawaii (USA)

Region: Oceania

Period: 1795-1796

Waikīkī is a world-renowned neighborhood located on the southern shore of Oahu, Hawaii, famous for its beautiful beaches, vibrant tourism scene, and h...

Fengtai

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 5th c.BCE

Fengtai, located in modern-day Beijing, was the capital of the ancient Cai State during the Spring and Autumn period (5th century BCE). This region, w...

Warsaw

Country: Poland

Region: Europe

Period: 16th c.-1795, 1918-present

Warsaw, the vibrant capital of Poland, is a city of resilience, rich cultural heritage, and significant historical importance. Located on the Vistula ...

Washington-on-the-Brazos

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1836

Washington-on-the-Brazos is a historic site located in Washington County, Texas, on the banks of the Brazos River. Today, it is a small, peaceful town...

Weimar

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 18th c.-1918

Weimar is a charming and historic city located in central Germany, in the state of Thuringia. Known for its profound cultural and intellectual legacy,...

West Columbia

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1836-1837

West Columbia, located in Brazoria County in southeastern Texas, is a small, historic town near the Brazos River. Known for its serene charm, this tow...

Westminster

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1777

Westminster, located in Windham County, Vermont, is a quiet town known for its historical charm and natural beauty. Situated in the Connecticut River ...

Wetzlar

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 13th-16th c.CE

Wetzlar is a picturesque town in central Germany, located on the banks of the Lahn River. Known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, it serve...

Wiesbaden

Country: Germany

Region: Europe

Period: 19th c.-1918

Wiesbaden, located on the banks of the Rhine River in southwestern Germany, is one of the oldest spa towns in Europe, known for its natural hot spring...

Winchester

Country: United Kingdom

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.-11th c.CE

Winchester, located in Hampshire, southern England, is a historic city with a rich past that dates back over 1,000 years. Once the capital of the King...

Windsor

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1777-1778

Windsor is a charming town located in central Vermont, nestled along the banks of the Connecticut River. Known for its scenic beauty and historical si...

Ksar el Barka

Country: Mauritania

Region: Africa

Period: 11th c.CE

Ksar el Barka, located in Mauritania, was once the capital of the Almoravid Dynasty during the 11th century CE. Known for its fortified city layout an...

Xianyang

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 3rd c. BC

Xianyang is an ancient city located in Shaanxi Province, China, and was the capital of the Qin Dynasty from 221 BCE to 206 BCE. This city played a cru...

Xingtai

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 1600BCE-7th c. BC

Xingtai is an ancient city in Hebei Province, China, located along the Taihang Mountains. It has a rich history, serving as the capital for several ea...

Houma

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 585BCE-376BCE

Houma, located in modern-day Shanxi Province, was the capital of the State of Jinduring the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history (585 BCE - 376...

Yaroslavl

Country: Russia

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-15th c.CE

Yaroslavl is an ancient city located in Central Russia, at the confluence of the Volga and Kotorosl rivers. It was founded in the 11th century and bec...

Yeha

Country: Ethiopia

Region: Africa

Period: 9th c.BCE-4th c.CE

Yeha is an ancient archaeological site located in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. It was the capital of the Kingdom of D'mt (9th century BCE–4...

Zadar

Country: Croatia

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-15th c.CE

Zadar is a historic coastal city located in central Croatia, along the Adriatic Sea. Known for its rich history, beautiful old town, and stunning coas...

Stonetown of Zanzibar

Country: Tanzania

Region: Africa

Period: 19th-20th c.CE

Stone Town is the historic heart of Zanzibar City, located on the west coast of Zanzibar Island in Tanzania. The town is renowned for its blend of Afr...

Zaragoza

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 5th c.-15th c.CE

Zaragoza, located in northeastern Spain, is a city known for its historical depth, impressive architecture, and cultural richness. As the capital of t...

Zaranj

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 9th c.-1537

Zaranj, located in southwestern Afghanistan near the border with Iran and Pakistan, is a city rich in history, particularly as the capital of various ...

Zhengzhou

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 11th-3rd c.BCE

Zhengzhou, located in central Henan Province, is one of the oldest cities in China, with a history dating back over 3,000 years. As a former capital o...

Sennar

Country: Sudan

Region: Africa

Period: 1504-1821CE

Sennar is a city located in central Sudan, once the capital of the Funj Sultanate from 1504 to 1821 CE. It is situated on the banks of the Blue Nile, ...

Zomba

Country: Malawi

Region: Africa

Period: 1964-1975

Zomba, located in the southern region of Malawi, is a city rich in natural beauty and history. Once the capital of Malawifollowing its independence in...

Zürich

Country: Switzerland

Region: Europe

Period: 17th c.-1798

Zürich, Switzerland's largest city, is a vibrant cultural and financial hub located on the shores of Lake Zürich. Historically, Zürich was a central p...

Thingvellir

Country: Iceland

Region: Europe

Period: 930-1262

Þingvellir is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in the southwest of Iceland, known for its stunning natural beauty and historical importance. The a...

Peshawar

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: 2nd c. BC, 1776-1947

Peshawar, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is an ancient city with a rich history spanning over two millennia. As the capital of the Gandharar...

Brindisi

Country: Italy

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-13th c.CE

Brindisi is a historic port city located on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy, in the Puglia region. Famous for its ancient Roman heritage and its ...

Edirne

Country: Turkey

Region: Europe

Period: 1365-1453

Edirne is a vibrant city in northwestern Turkey, located near the borders with Bulgaria and Greece. Historically known as Adrianople, the city boasts ...

Söğüt

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 13th c.CE

Söğüt is a small town in Bilecik Province, northwest Turkey, located at the foothills of the Söğüt Mountains. Though today it may be a quiet town, Söğ...

Timișoara

Country: Romania

Region: Europe

Period: 18th-19th c.CE

"Timișoara, often called the ""City of Flowers,"" is located in western Romania, near the borders of Hungaryand Serbia. Known for its multicultural at...

Visegrád

Country: Hungary

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Visegrád, located in northern Hungary, is a small town situated on the banks of the Danube River. Known for its picturesque landscapes, it lies in a s...

Tell el-Dab'a

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 17th c.BCE

Tell el-Dab'a, located in the Nile Delta region of Egypt, is an important archaeological site that once served as the capital of the Hyksos during the...

San el-Hagar

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: 17th c.BCE

San el-Hagar is an archaeological site located in the Nile Delta region of Egypt, near the modern town of Zagazig. The site was the capital of Egypt d...

Bubastis

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 9th c.BCE

Bubastis, known as Per-Bastin ancient Egyptian, was one of the most important cities of ancient Egypt, situated in the Nile Delta. It is particularly ...

Massangena (Ruins)

Country: Mozambique

Region: Africa

Period: 16th c.CE

Massangena is an archaeological site in southern Mozambique, known for its ruins, which were once the capital of the Gaza Empire during the 16th centu...

Bagida (Lomé region)

Country: Togo

Region: Africa

Period: 1884-1887

Bagida, now part of modern Lomé, Togo’s capital, was briefly the capital of Togoland, a German colony, from 1884 to 1887. Located near the Gulf of Gui...

Chinon

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 12th-13th c.CE

Chinon is a historic town located in the Loire Valley in central France. Known for its stunning medieval architecture and picturesque landscapes, Chin...

Hastinapur

Country: India

Region: Asia

Period: ~ 1200BCE-~ 345BCE

Hastinapur, located in Uttar Pradesh, India, is an ancient city with deep roots in Indian mythology and historical tradition. The city is primarily kn...

Khorsabad

Country: Iraq

Region: Middle East

Period: 8th c.BCE

Khorsabad, located about 15 kilometers (9 miles) north of Mosul in northern Iraq, was the capital of the Assyrian Empireunder the reign of King Sargon...

Ai-Khanoum

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 3rd c.BCE

Ai-Khanoum was the capital of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, established in the 3rd century BCE. The city is located in northeastern Afghanistan, near th...

Deganwy

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 7th-13th c.CE

Deganwy, located on the north coast of Wales, near the mouth of the Conwy River, was once the capital of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, one of the powerful m...

Llanfaes

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.CE

Llanfaes is a small village located near Beaumaris on the island of Anglesey, North Wales. In the 9th century, it served as the capital of the Kingdom...

Aberffraw

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-13th c.CE

Aberffraw is a small village located on the south coast of Anglesey in North Wales, nestled by the Aberffraw River. Once the political heart of the Ki...

Rhuddlan

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE

Rhuddlan is a town located in North Wales, on the banks of the River Clwyd. In the 13th century, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Gwyneddduring th...

Bangui

Country: Central African Republic

Region: Africa

Period: 1889-present

Bangui is the capital city and the largest urban area of the Central African Republic (CAR), located along the Oubangui River. It serves as the countr...

Huesca

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 11th-16th c.CE

Huesca is a historic city located in northeastern Spain, in the Aragonregion, surrounded by the stunning Pyrenees Mountains. The city offers a charmin...

Jaca

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 10th-16th c.CE

Jaca is a picturesque town located in the Pyrenees mountains of northeastern Spain, in the region of Aragon. Known for its charming old town, alpine s...

Kruševac

Country: Serbia

Region: Europe

Period: 14th-15th c.CE

Kruševac is a historic city in central Serbia, nestled near the Rasina River and surrounded by lush hills. With a relaxed atmosphere, welcoming locals...

Cavan

Country: Ireland

Region: Europe

Period: ~ 1300

Cavan is a tranquil town in north-central Ireland, surrounded by lakes, rivers, and rolling green countryside. It is known for its peaceful atmosphere...

Vivi

Country: DR Congo

Region: Africa

Period: 1885-1886

Vivi is a small, quiet town located on the north bank of the Congo River, just opposite the larger town of Matadi in the western part of the Democrati...

Gitega

Country: Burundi

Region: Africa

Period: 1912-1962

Gitega is a serene city located in the central highlands of Burundi, surrounded by rolling hills and lush countryside. It is the country’s second-larg...

Portskewett

Country: Wales (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 6th-10th c.CE

Portskewett is a small village in Monmouthshire, South Wales, located near the Severn Estuary with views toward the Bristol Channel. Despite its modes...

Wuhan

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 5th c.BCE-221BCE

Wuhan is a dynamic and expansive metropolis located in central China, at the intersection of the Yangtze and Han rivers. Today, it is one of China’s m...

Greensboro, North Carolina

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1865

Greensboro is a vibrant city in central North Carolina, known for its rich Southern history, academic institutions, and cultural events. With a mix of...

Hajar an-Nasar

Country: Morocco

Region: Africa

Period: 927-985

Hajar an-Nasar was a historical city located in the region of present-day Morocco, though much of its exact location has been lost to time. It was the...

San Felipe

Country: United States (Texas)

Region: North America

Period: 1832-1836

San Felipe is a small town located along the Brazos River in southeastern Texas. Although it is much quieter today, the town has a rich historical leg...

Córdoba

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 756-1833 CE

Córdoba is a stunning Andalusian city on the banks of the Guadalquivir River. Known for its whitewashed courtyards, orange blossoms, and rich cultural...

San Antonio

Country: United States

Region: North America

Period: 1836-1845

San Antonio, located in south-central Texas, is a vibrant city known for its rich cultural heritage, blending Spanish, Mexican, and American influence...

Birka

Country: Sweden (Björkö island)

Region: Europe

Period: 8th-10th c.CE

Birka, located on Björnö Island in Lake Mälaren, Sweden, is an important archaeological site from the Viking Age. Established around the 8th century, ...

Abu Dhabi

Country: United Arab Emirates

Region: Middle East

Period: 1971-present

Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, is a dazzling modern city located on the coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Known for its luxurious s...

Abuja

Country: Nigeria

Region: Africa

Period: 1991-present

Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria, is a vibrant and growing metropolis located in the center of the country. Known for its wide boulevards, green spa...

Memphis

Country: Egypt

Region: Africa

Period: ~ 3100-2200BCE

Memphis, located near the Nile Delta, was the ancient capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Renowned for its grand temples, palaces, and statues, i...

Accra

Country: Ghana

Region: Africa

Period: 1877-1957

Accra, the bustling capital of Ghana, is located on the Gulf of Guinea along West Africa’s coastline. It is known for its vibrant markets, cultural di...

Addis Ababa

Country: Ethiopia

Region: Africa

Period: 1886-present

Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, is a dynamic and vibrant metropolis nestled in the heart of the Ethiopian Highlands. Known for its historic...

Algiers

Country: Algeria

Region: Africa

Period: 16th c.-1962

Algiers, the capital of Algeria, is a coastal city located on the Mediterranean Sea. Known for its stunning natural beauty, it offers a blend of tradi...

Amman

Country: Jordan

Region: Middle East

Period: 1921-present

Amman, the capital city of Jordan, is a bustling metropolis located in the central part of the country. Known for its ancient ruins, modern infrastruc...

Amsterdam

Country: Netherlands

Region: Europe

Period: 17th c.-present

Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, is a vibrant city known for its picturesque canals, charming neighborhoods, and rich cultural scene. The ci...

Andorra la Vella

Country: Andorra

Region: Europe

Period: 1278-present

Andorra la Vella, the capital of the Principality of Andorra, is a small yet stunning city nestled in the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain....

Ankara

Country: Turkey

Region: Middle East

Period: 1923-present

Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, is located in the central part of the country. Known for its political and administrative importance, it is a city...

Antananarivo

Country: Madagascar

Region: Africa

Period: 1794-1897

Antananarivo, often simply called Tana, is the vibrant capital city of Madagascar, located in the island’s central highlands. Known for its scenic bea...

Banjul

Country: Gambia

Region: Africa

Period: 1816-1965

Banjul is the capital and largest city of The Gambia, located on an island at the mouth of the Gambia River. The city, formerly known as Bathurst, is ...

Apia

Country: Samoa

Region: Oceania

Period: 1910-present

Apia, the capital of Samoa, is located on the island of Upolu and is a bustling port city with a rich cultural heritage. As Samoa’s largest city, it i...

Ashgabat

Country: Turkmenistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1881-present

Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, is a city known for its impressive blend of modernity and tradition. Located in the southern part of the countr...

Asmara

Country: Eritrea

Region: Africa

Period: 1897-1962

Asmara, the capital city of Eritrea, is located in the highlands of the country, offering a cool climate and scenic views. Known for its blend of mode...

Astana

Country: Kazakhstan

Region: Asia

Period: 1997-2019

Astana, now known as Nur-Sultan, is the capital city of Kazakhstan, located along the banks of the Ishim River. The city, which was renamed in honor o...

Asunción

Country: Paraguay

Region: South America

Period: 1811-present

Asunción, the capital and largest city of Paraguay, is located along the banks of the Paraná River. Founded in 1537, Asunción is one of the oldest cit...

Avarua

Country: Cook Islands

Region: Oceania

Period: 1965-present

Avarua is the vibrant capital of the Cook Islands, located on Rarotonga, the largest island in the archipelago. As the main hub for the Cook Islands, ...

Baku

Country: Azerbaijan

Region: Europe

Period: 16th c.-present

Baku is the vibrant capital of Azerbaijan, situated on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Known for its distinctive blend of modern and historic architect...

Bamako

Country: Mali

Region: Africa

Period: 1908-present

Bamako, the capital of Mali, is a vibrant and growing city located on the banks of the Niger River. It is the largest city in the country and serves a...

Bandar Seri Begawan

Country: Brunei

Region: Asia

Period: 1906-present

Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital city of Brunei, located on the island of Borneo. It is a small, yet bustling city known for its unique blend of mod...

Bangkok

Country: Thailand

Region: Asia

Period: 1782-present

Bangkok is the bustling capital city of Thailand, situated on the Chao Phraya River in central Thailand. Known for its vibrant street life, cultural l...

Basseterre

Country: Saint Kitts and Nevis

Region: North America

Period: 1627-present

Basseterre is the capital city of Saint Kitts and Nevis, located on the island of Saint Kitts in the Caribbean Sea. The city, which serves as the cult...

Beijing

Country: China

Region: Asia

Period: 12th c.CE-present

Beijing, the capital of China, is a city that seamlessly blends rich history with modern development. As one of the most influential cities in East As...

Belmopan

Country: Belize

Region: North America

Period: 1970-present

Belmopan is the capital city of Belize, located inland, about 50 miles west of the Caribbean coast. Established in 1970, Belmopan is a relatively new ...

Bern

Country: Switzerland

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE-present

Bern is the charming capital of Switzerland, situated on the banks of the Aare River. Known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, the city off...

Bishkek

Country: Kyrgyzstan

Region: Asia

Period: 1926-present

Bishkek is the vibrant capital of Kyrgyzstan, nestled at the foot of the Tien Shan Mountains. The city, known for its wide tree-lined streets, Soviet-...

Bissau

Country: Guinea-Bissau

Region: Africa

Period: 1942-present

Bissau is the bustling capital of Guinea-Bissau, located on the west coast of Africa. The city is known for its colonial architecture, vibrant markets...

Bogotá

Country: Colombia

Region: South America

Period: 1538-present

Bogotá is the vibrant capital city of Colombia, located in the Andes Mountains at an altitude of 2,640 meters (8,660 feet), making it one of the highe...

Brasília

Country: Brazil

Region: South America

Period: 1960-present

Brasília is the modernist capital of Brazil, designed by the renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer and urban planner Lúcio Costa. Officially inaugurated i...

Brazzaville

Country: Republic of Congo

Region: Africa

Period: 1883-present

Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo, located on the Congo River in Central Africa. Founded in 1880 by the French ...

Bridgetown

Country: Barbados

Region: North America

Period: 1628-present

Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, is a bustling port city located on the island’s southwestern coast. With its charming colonial architecture, vibr...

Buenos Aires

Country: Argentina

Region: South America

Period: 1580-present

Buenos Aires is the vibrant and dynamic capital of Argentina, located on the eastern shore of the Rio de la Plata. Known for its European-style archit...

Canberra

Country: Australia

Region: Oceania

Period: 1913-present

Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory, is Australia’s political and administrative capital. Unlike other cities, it was purposefully d...

Castries

Country: Saint Lucia

Region: North America

Period: 1660-present

Castries, the capital of Saint Lucia, is a bustling port city located on the island's northwest coast. Known for its scenic harbor, surrounded by lush...

Cayenne

Country: French Guiana

Region: South America

Period: 1664-present

Cayenne is the lively and picturesque capital of French Guiana, a region of Francelocated on the northeast coast of South America. Situated along the ...

Charlotte Amalie

Country: United States Virgin Islands

Region: North America

Period: 1734-1917

Charlotte Amalie is the capital of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), located on the island of Saint Thomas. Known for its historical charm, Cha...

Chișinău

Country: Moldova

Region: Europe

Period: 14th c.CE-present

Chișinău is the capital city of Moldova, situated in the central part of the country. Known for its parks, wide boulevards, and Soviet-era architectur...

Conakry

Country: Guinea

Region: Africa

Period: 1958-present

Conakry is the capital and largest city of Guinea, located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Known for its vibrant culture, colonial-era architect...

Dakar

Country: Senegal

Region: Africa

Period: 1902-present

Dakar is the vibrant capital of Senegal, located on the Cape Verde Peninsula on the Atlantic coast. Known for its colorful markets, bustling streets, ...

Dhaka

Country: Bangladesh

Region: Asia

Period: 1608-present

Dhaka, the bustling capital of Bangladesh, is a vibrant, densely populated city located along the banks of the Buriganga River. Known as the “City of ...

Dili

Country: Timor-Leste

Region: Asia

Period: 1769-2002

Dili is the capital and largest city of Timor-Leste, located along the northern coast of the island of Timor. With its beautiful beaches, mountainous ...

Djibouti City

Country: Djibouti

Region: Africa

Period: 1888-present

Djibouti City is the capital and largest city of Djibouti, located on the Horn of Africa. It serves as an important port city, known for its strategic...

Dodoma

Country: Tanzania

Region: Africa

Period: 1996-present

Dodoma is the capital city of Tanzania, located in the central region of the country. It was designated as the capital in 1996, moving from Dar es Sal...

Doha

Country: Qatar

Region: Middle East

Period: 1825-present

Doha is the capital city of Qatar, a modern city situated on the Persian Gulf. Known for its rapid development and luxury infrastructure, Doha is home...

Dushanbe

Country: Tajikistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1924-present

Dushanbe is the vibrant capital of Tajikistan, located at the foothills of the Hissar Mountains. The city, known for its lush greeneryand breathtaking...

Freetown

Country: Sierra Leone

Region: Africa

Period: 1787-present

Freetown, the vibrant capital of Sierra Leone, is known for its rich history and scenic coastal landscapes. Situated on the Atlantic Ocean, it is a bu...

Nizwa

Country: Oman

Region: Middle East

Period: 751-1154CE

Nizwa, located in the interior of Oman, was once the capital of the Imamate of Oman between 751 and 1154 CE. Known for its strategic location, Nizwa b...

Gaborone

Country: Botswana

Region: Africa

Period: 1966-present

Gaborone, the modern capital of Botswana, is a vibrant city located at the foot of the Gaberone Hills, near the Mokolodi Nature Reserve. This rapidly ...

George Town

Country: Cayman Islands

Region: North America

Period: 1734-present

George Town is the bustling capital and largest city of the Cayman Islands, located on the island of Grand Cayman. Famous for its beautiful beaches, c...

Georgetown

Country: Guyana

Region: South America

Period: 1781-present

Georgetown is the vibrant capital city of Guyana, located at the mouth of the Demerara River. Known for its colonial architecture, Georgetown is a cul...

Gibraltar

Country: Gibraltar (UK)

Region: Europe

Period: 1704-present

Gibraltar is a small but strategically important British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterra...

Guatemala City

Country: Guatemala

Region: North America

Period: 1776-present

Guatemala City, located in the highland valley of central Guatemala, is the country’s largest city and economic hub. Known for its cultural diversity ...

Harare

Country: Zimbabwe

Region: Africa

Period: 1890-present

Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, is a bustling city known for its vibrant culture, beautiful parks, and colonial architecture. Initially founded as Fo...

Havana

Country: Cuba

Region: North America

Period: 1519-present

Havana is the capital city of Cuba, known for its historic architecture, vibrant culture, and lively Caribbean atmosphere. Founded in 1519, it has gro...

Helsinki

Country: Finland

Region: Europe

Period: 1812-present

Helsinki, Finland’s vibrant capital, is known for its distinctive Nordic charm. The city combines contemporary design with historical architecture. Si...

Honiara

Country: Solomon Islands

Region: Oceania

Period: 1978-present

Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands, is located on Guadalcanal Island. The city is the country’s administrative and economic hub, with a blend...

Islamabad

Country: Pakistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1963-present

Islamabad, Pakistan’s capital, is a planned city nestled at the base of the Margalla Hills. Known for its wide streets, green spaces, and modern archi...

Juba

Country: South Sudan

Region: Africa

Period: 2011-present

Juba, located on the White Nile River, is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. A growing urban center, Juba is known for its diverse populatio...

Kabul

Country: Afghanistan

Region: Asia

Period: 1776-present

Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country, near the Kabul River. Known for its mountainous land...

Kampala

Country: Uganda

Region: Africa

Period: 1962-present

Kampala is Uganda’s bustling capital, located in the central part of the country. The city is known for its seven hills, green spaces, and vibrant urb...

Khartoum

Country: Sudan

Region: Africa

Period: 1821-present

Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile, making it a pivotal point in Sudan. It is the country’s political, economic, an...

Kigali

Country: Rwanda

Region: Africa

Period: 1962-present

Kigali, the capital and largest city of Rwanda, is situated in the country’s center, spread across lush hills and valleys. Known for its cleanliness, ...

Kingston

Country: Jamaica

Region: North America

Period: 1692-present

Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the island’s southeast coast. Known for its vibrant music scene, especially reggae, Ki...

Kingstown

Country: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Region: North America

Period: 1763-present

Kingstown is the bustling capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, located on the southwestern coast of Saint Vincent Island. Known for its scenic...

Kinshasa

Country: DR Congo

Region: Africa

Period: 1881-present

Kinshasa, located on the Congo River, is the largest city in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and one of the largest cities in Africa. It is a b...

Kuala Lumpur

Country: Malaysia

Region: Asia

Period: 1857-present

Kuala Lumpur (KL) is the capital city of Malaysia, known for its vibrant culture, towering skyscrapers, and a melting pot of ethnicities. Located at t...

Kuwait City

Country: Kuwait

Region: Middle East

Period: 1757-present

Kuwait City is the vibrant capital of Kuwait, known for its modern skyline, luxury shopping, and rich cultural heritage. Positioned on the Persian Gul...

Laayoune

Country: Western Sahara

Region: Africa

Period: 1975-present

Laayoune is the largest city and administrative capital of Western Sahara, located in the northwest of Africa, along the Atlantic coast. It serves as ...

Libreville

Country: Gabon

Region: Africa

Period: 1849-present

Libreville is the capital and largest city of Gabon, located on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa. With a growing urban population, it serves as th...

Lilongwe

Country: Malawi

Region: Africa

Period: 1975-present

Lilongwe is the capital and largest city of Malawi, located in the central part of the country. Known for its peaceful atmosphere, it offers a blend o...

Lima

Country: Peru

Region: South America

Period: 1535-present

Lima, the capital of Peru, is a bustling metropolis located along the Pacific coast. Known for its rich cultural heritage, Lima is a city that blends ...

Ljubljana

Country: Slovenia

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE-present

Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, is a picturesque city situated along the Ljubljanica River. Known for its charming old town and vibrant cultural s...

Lomé

Country: Togo

Region: Africa

Period: 1888-present

Lomé, the capital of Togo, is located along the Gulf of Guinea. This bustling coastal city is known for its vibrant markets, beautiful beaches, and it...

Luanda

Country: Angola

Region: Africa

Period: 16th c.CE-present

Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola, located on the Atlantic coast. It is known for its mix of colonial-era architectureand modern skyscr...

Lusaka

Country: Zambia

Region: Africa

Period: 1911-present

Lusaka, located in the central part of Zambia, serves as the country’s largest city and political, cultural, and economic hub. The city has a dynamic ...

Luxembourg City

Country: Luxembourg

Region: Europe

Period: 963CE-present

Luxembourg City is a vibrant, modern capital surrounded by steep cliffs and lush forests. Known for its rich cultural heritage, it is a blend of histo...

Madrid

Country: Spain

Region: Europe

Period: 9th c.CE-present

Madrid, Spain’s capital, is a vibrant city filled with art, culture, and history. Known for its royal heritage, lively atmosphere, and historic sites,...

Majuro

Country: Marshall Islands

Region: Oceania

Period: 1986-present

Majuro, located in the central Pacific Ocean, is the capital and largest city of the Marshall Islands. Known for its beautiful lagoons, beaches, and t...

Malabo

Country: Equatorial Guinea

Region: Africa

Period: 1827-present

Malabo, located on the island of Bioko, is the capital and largest city of Equatorial Guinea. It is known for its tropical climate, picturesque coastl...

Malé

Country: Maldives

Region: Asia

Period: 12th c.CE-present

Malé is the vibrant capital of the Maldives, located on a small island in the Indian Ocean. Known for its bustling markets, colorful buildings, and ri...

Managua

Country: Nicaragua

Region: North America

Period: 1852-present

Managua is the vibrant capital of Nicaragua, located along the shores of Lake Cocibolca. Known for its bustling streets, cultural diversity, and histo...

Manama

Country: Bahrain

Region: Middle East

Period: 1783-present

Manama is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, located on the northeastern tip of the island. Known for its modern skyline and ancient roots, it b...

Manila

Country: Philippines

Region: Asia

Period: 1571-present

Manila is the capital city and economic center of the Philippines, located on the island of Luzon. A bustling metropolis with over 1.7 million residen...

Maputo

Country: Mozambique

Region: Africa

Period: 1895-present

Maputo, formerly known as Lourenço Marques, is the capital city of Mozambique and its largest urban center. Located along the Indian Ocean in the sout...

Maseru

Country: Lesotho

Region: Africa

Period: 1869-present

Maseru, the capital of Lesotho, is located near the western borderwith South Africa. It serves as the largest city in the country and the administrati...

Minsk

Country: Belarus

Region: Europe

Period: 11th c.CE-present

Minsk, the capital of Belarus, is located in the central part of the country. It is known for its vibrant culture, modern architecture, and historical...

Mogadishu

Country: Somalia

Region: Africa

Period: 7th c.CE-present

Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, is located along the Indian Ocean in the southeastern part of the country. Known for its vibrant cultural history, ...

Monaco

Country: Monaco

Region: Europe

Period: 13th c.CE-present

Monaco, a tiny yet world-renowned city-state, is located on the French Riviera. Despite its small size, it’s famous for luxury, glamour, and wealth. T...

Monrovia

Country: Liberia

Region: Africa

Period: 1847-present

Monrovia, Liberia's capital, is situated on the Atlantic coast and is the country’s largest city. Founded in 1822 by freed American slaves, the city b...

Montevideo

Country: Uruguay

Region: South America

Period: 1726-present

Montevideo, located on the banks of the Río de la Plata, is the capital and largest city of Uruguay. Known for its laid-back atmosphere, stunning coas...

Moroni

Country: Comoros

Region: Africa

Period: 1975-present

Moroni, the capital of Comoros, is located on the island of Grande Comore. Known for its vibrant mix of Arabic, African, and French influences, the ci...

Muscat

Country: Oman

Region: Middle East

Period: 7th c.-present

Muscat is the capital city of Oman, located on the Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Oman. Known for its natural harbor, the city is a beautiful ble...

N'Djamena

Country: Chad

Region: Africa

Period: 1973-present

N'Djamena, located at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is the capital city of Chad and the largest urban center in the country. Founded ...

Nairobi

Country: Kenya

Region: Africa

Period: 1907-present

Nairobi, the vibrant capital of Kenya, is located on the Nairobi River. Known for its bustling atmosphere, it's a major political, economic, and cultu...

Nassau

Country: Bahamas

Region: North America

Period: 1729-present

Nassau, the bustling capital of the Bahamas, is located on the island of New Providence. Known for its colonial architecture, crystal-clear waters, an...

Nay Pyi Taw

Country: Myanmar

Region: Asia

Period: 2005-present

Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital of Myanmar, established in 2005. It was purpose-built to be a modern and spacious city to accommodate govern...

Niamey

Country: Niger

Region: Africa

Period: 1960-present

Niamey is the capital and largest city of Niger, situated along the Niger River. It serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of the coun...

North Nicosia

Country: Northern Cyprus

Region: Europe

Period: 1974-present

North Nicosia is the capital of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is only recognized by Turkey. The city, situated on the island o...

Nouakchott

Country: Mauritania

Region: Africa

Period: 1960-present

Nouakchott is the capital and largest city of Mauritania, located on the Atlantic coast. Known for its bustling markets, modern infrastructure, and pr...

Nouméa

Country: New Caledonia

Region: Oceania

Period: 1854-present

Nouméa is the capital of New Caledonia, an archipelago in the southwest Pacific. Known for its stunning beaches, crystal-clear waters, and vibrant mel...

Nuku'alofa

Country: Tonga

Region: Oceania

Period: 1865-present

Nuku'alofa is the bustling capital of Tonga, located on the island of Tongatapu. This vibrant city is known for its laid-back atmosphere, rich cultura...

Nuuk

Country: Greenland (DK)

Region: North America

Period: 1721-present

Nuuk is the vibrant capital of Greenland, located at the mouth of the Nuuk Fjord. The city combines modern urban life with a rich Inuit cultural herit...

Oranjestad

Country: Aruba

Region: North America

Period: 1796-present

Oranjestad is the vibrant capital city of Aruba, a Dutch Caribbean island known for its white-sand beachesand warm climate. The city boasts colorful c...

Ottawa

Country: Canada

Region: North America

Period: 1857-present

Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is located along the Ottawa River in the province of Ontario. Known for its beautiful landscapes, the city blends a ric...

Ouagadougou

Country: Burkina Faso

Region: Africa

Period: 1960-present

Ouagadougou, often called Ouaga, is the bustling capital of Burkina Faso, known for its vibrant culture, markets, and festivals. Situated in the west ...

Pago Pago

Country: American Samoa

Region: Oceania

Period: 1900-present

Pago Pago is the vibrant capital of American Samoa, located on the island of Tutuila in the South Pacific. Known for its stunning harbor surrounded by...

Panama City

Country: Panama

Region: North America

Period: 1673-present

Panama City, founded in 1673, is the capital of Panama and serves as the economic and cultural hub of the country. Located at the Pacific entrance to ...

Papeete

Country: French Polynesia

Region: Oceania

Period: 1880-present

Papeete is the bustling capital of French Polynesia, located on the island of Tahiti. It is the economic and administrative center of the region, know...

Paramaribo

Country: Suriname

Region: South America

Period: 1667-present

Paramaribo is the vibrant capital and largest city of Suriname, located along the Suriname River. It boasts a unique blend of Dutch colonial architect...

Paris

Country: France

Region: Europe

Period: 508CE-present

"Paris, known as the ""City of Light,"" is renowned for its art, culture, and history. With its iconic architecture, world-class museums, and romantic...

Podgorica

Country: Montenegro

Region: Europe